TABLE 1.
Characteristics of Included Cohorts
| CharacteristicsName of Cohort | Cohorts | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lund Emergency Department | Lund ICU | Bern | Groningen | Jena | |
| Years of inclusion | 2017–2018 | 2013–2014 | 2017–2019 | 2020–2021 | |
| Setting | Emergency department | ICU | Emergency department | Emergency department | Emergency department |
| Data source and study design | Retrospective study of EHRs | Prospective cohort study | Retrospective study of EHRs | Prospective cohort study | Prospective cohort study |
| Main inclusion criteria | Suspected sepsis | Suspected sepsis | Blood sample for culture or suspected sepsis | Suspected sepsis | Sepsis or septic shock |
| Patients, n | 251 | 197 | 207 | 163 | 116 |
| Female sex, n (%) | 102 (41) | 84 (43) | 121 (50) | 57 (35) | |
| Age, median (IQR) | 74 (65–81) | 69 (59–75) | 69 (55–78) | 69 (59–75) | 77 (66–82) |
| Length of stay, hospital, median (IQR) | 5.0 (3–7) | 4.9 (3.1–9.7) | 5.7 (2.1–12.7) | 11 (7–18) | |
| Length of stay, ICU, median (IQR) | 2.2 (1.1–5.8) | ||||
| Charlson Comorbidity Index, median (IQR) | 5 (3–7) | 4 (3–6) | 5 (3–8) | 4 (3–6) | 5 (3–6) |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |||||
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 57 (23) | 18 (9) | 32 (16) | 42 (26) | 15 (13) |
| Cancer | 59 (24) | 64 (32) | 44 (21) | 60 (37) | 18 (16) |
| Cardiovascular disease | 134 (53) | 41 (21) | 61 (30) | 46 (28) | 29 (25) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 68 (27) | 42 (21) | 42 (20) | 49 (30) | 36 (31) |
| Liver disease | 3 (1) | 8 (4) | 14 (7) | 9 (6) | 5 (4) |
| Renal disease | 32 (13) | 20 (10) | 58 (28) | 15 (9) | 13 (11) |
| SOFA score at admission, median (IQR) | 0 (0–1) | 9 (6–11) | 2 (0–4) | 2 (1–3) | |
| SOFA score max < 72 hr, median (IQR) | 3 (2–4) | ||||
| ICU admission, n (%) | 15 (6) | 197 (100) | 53 (26) | 15 (9) | 54 (47) |
| Bacteremia, n (%) | 52 (21) | 96 (49) | 43 (21) | ||
| 28-d mortality, n (%) | 22 (9) | 22 (11) | 29 (18) | 21 (18) | |
EHR = electronic health records, IQR = interquartile range, SOFA = Sequential Organ failure Assessment.