Table 3.
Associations between mental health and sociodemographic and psychosocial characteristics associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
| Variables | Depressive symptoms |
Anxiety symptoms |
Perceived stress |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | ||
| Gender | |||||||
| Men | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Women | 1.14 (0.74, 1.74) | 1.23 (0.77, 1.96) | 1.90 (1.09, 3.33) | 1.97 (1.09, 3.58) | 5.39 (2.02, 14.38) | 6.40 (2.30, 17.85) | |
| Age (yr) | |||||||
| 20-29 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |
| 30-39 | 0.55 (0.32, 0.94) | 0.93 (0.50, 1.70) | 0.57 (0.29, 1.12) | 0.98 (0.45, 2.10) | 1.52 (0.63, 3.68) | 2.96 (1.08, 8.14) | |
| 40-49 | 0.51 (0.30, 0.86) | 1.07 (0.55, 2.08) | 0.56 (0.29, 1.08) | 1.05 (0.46, 2.39) | 0.42 (0.14, 1.31) | 0.89 (0.25, 3.21) | |
| Marital status | |||||||
| Married | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Unmarried, separated, divorced, and widowed | 2.61 (1.65, 4.12) | 3.00 (1.64, 5.50) | 2.20 (1.24, 3.91) | 2.33 (1.09, 4.99) | 2.59 (1.12, 5.98) | 3.13 (1.13, 8.67) | |
| Education | |||||||
| High school or less | 1.92 (1.21, 3.03) | 1.54 (0.93, 2.54) | 1.98 (1.12, 3.49) | 1.64 (0.89, 3.03) | 0.99 (0.41, 2.39) | 0.87 (0.34, 2.26) | |
| University or more | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Household income (US$/mo) | |||||||
| <2,000 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |
| 2,000-4,999 | 0.74 (0.39, 1.38) | 0.98 (0.49, 1.97) | 0.40 (0.19, 0.82) | 0.49 (0.22, 1.11) | 0.45 (0.18, 1.14) | 0.53 (0.18, 1.53) | |
| ≥5,000 | 0.44 (0.22, 0.90) | 0.76 (0.34, 1.71) | 0.36 (0.16, 0.80) | 0.57 (0.23, 1.43) | 0.19 (0.05, 0.66) | 0.24 (0.06, 0.96) | |
| Getting support from friends during COVID-19 | |||||||
| Same as before or increased | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Decreased | 1.89 (1.17, 3.05) | 1.38 (0.76, 2.49) | 1.60 (0.87, 2.94) | 1.20 (0.58, 2.51) | 1.50 (0.64, 3.48) | 1.32 (0.50, 3.48) | |
| Getting support from family members during COVID-19 | |||||||
| Same as before or increased | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Decreased | 2.74 (1.49, 5.04) | 1.74 (0.81, 3.71) | 2.17 (1.03, 4.59) | 1.53 (0.61, 3.85) | 1.13 (0.33, 3.88) | 0.83 (0.21, 3.38) | |
| Financial stress during COVID-19 | |||||||
| Same as before or decreased | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Increased | 1.96 (1.27, 3.05) | 1.46 (0.90, 2.37) | 1.84 (1.05, 3.22) | 1.36 (0.73, 2.50) | 1.68 (0.77, 3.65) | 1.30 (0.55, 3.05) | |
| Stress at home during COVID-19 | |||||||
| Same as before or decreased | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Increased | 2.65 (1.71, 4.12) | 2.45 (1.49, 4.05) | 2.56 (1.47, 4.44) | 2.42 (1.31, 4.50) | 1.51 (0.69, 3.31) | 1.50 (0.61, 3.67) | |
OR, odds ratio; aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.