Table 3.
Odds ratios for low handgrip strength according to levels of physical activity
| Variables1 | Aerobic exercise2 |
Muscle strengthening exercise |
Walking exercise2 |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Highly active | Active | Inactive | Highly active | Active | Inactive | Highly active | Active | Inactive | |||
| Total | |||||||||||
| Crude | 1.00 (reference) | 1.42 (1.27, 1.59) | 1.60 (1.46, 1.76) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.09 (0.92, 1.30) | 1.66 (1.46, 1.90) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.19 (1.08, 1.30) | 1.28 (1.18, 1.40) | ||
| Adjusted | 1.00 (reference) | 1.33 (1.18, 1.49) | 1.37 (1.25, 1.51) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.17 (0.98, 1.39) | 1.68 (1.46, 1.93) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.19 (1.08, 1.30) | 1.16 (1.06, 1.27) | ||
| Men3 | |||||||||||
| Crude | 1.00 (reference) | 1.48 (1.26, 1.74) | 1.49 (1.30, 1.70) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.17 (0.94, 1.46) | 1.72 (1.45, 2.04) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.14 (0.99, 1.31) | 1.10 (0.96, 1.25) | ||
| Adjusted | 1.00 (reference) | 1.36 (1.15, 1.61) | 1.27 (1.11, 1.46) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.25 (0.99, 1.57) | 1.74 (1.46, 2.07) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.14 (0.99, 1.32) | 0.99 (0.86, 1.13) | ||
| Women3 | |||||||||||
| Crude | 1.00 (reference) | 1.40 (1.21, 1.63) | 1.76 (1.55, 1.99) | 1.00 (reference) | 0.97 (0.73, 1.30) | 1.62 (1.29, 2.03) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.24 (1.10, 1.41) | 1.50 (1.34, 1.67) | ||
| Adjusted | 1.00 (reference) | 1.32 (1.13, 1.55) | 1.50 (1.31, 1.71) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.04 (0.78, 1.39) | 1.58 (1.26, 1.99) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.24 (1.09, 1.41) | 1.36 (1.21, 1.52) | ||
| Age (yr) | |||||||||||
| 19-39 | |||||||||||
| Crude | 1.00 (reference) | 1.52 (1.27, 1.83) | 1.33 (1.13, 1.58) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.15 (0.83, 1.60) | 1.74 (1.33, 2.27) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.15 (0.97, 1.36) | 1.11 (0.93, 1.32) | ||
| Adjusted | 1.00 (reference) | 1.43 (1.18, 1.73) | 1.17 (0.97, 1.40) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.20 (0.86, 1.68) | 1.93 (1.46, 2.57) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.13 (0.95, 1.34) | 0.98 (0.82, 1.18) | ||
| 40-59 | |||||||||||
| Crude | 1.00 (reference) | 1.45 (1.21, 1.73) | 1.66 (1.44, 1.92) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.03 (0.78, 1.35) | 1.33 (1.08, 1.65) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.25 (1.08, 1.45) | 1.26 (1.10, 1.46) | ||
| Adjusted | 1.00 (reference) | 1.40 (1.17, 1.67) | 1.54 (1.32, 1.79) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.09 (0.83, 1.44) | 1.35 (1.09, 1.67) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.27 (1.09, 1.48) | 1.22 (1.05, 1.41) | ||
| ≥60 | |||||||||||
| Crude | 1.00 (reference) | 1.17 (0.95, 1.43) | 1.72 (1.46, 2.03) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.10 (0.79, 1.52) | 2.18 (1.78, 2.68) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.18 (1.01, 1.38) | 1.55 (1.35, 1.77) | ||
| Adjusted | 1.00 (reference) | 1.03 (0.83, 1.26) | 1.33 (1.12, 1.59) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.20 (0.86, 1.67) | 1.91 (1.53, 2.37) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.15 (0.98, 1.35) | 1.25 (1.09, 1.44) | ||
Values are presented as odds ratio (95% confidence interval).
1
Adjusted: adjusted for age, gender, body mass index, education level, household income, smoking status, frequency of alcohol drinking, and comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes, musculoskeletal disease, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertriglyceridemia).
2
We adjusted for muscle strengthening exercise, which could influence the association between physical activity and handgrip strength.
3
Gender was not adjusted.