Table 5.
Agents used in the treatment of COVID-19 patients.
| Agent | Number of studies | n/Na | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antiviral drug | Oseltamivir | 6 | 10 | 10/111 (9.0) |
| Efavirenz | 13 | 17 | 17/111 (15.3) | |
| Lopinavir | 12 | 18 | 18/111 (16.2) | |
| Ritonavir | 18 | 24 | 24/111 (21.6) | |
| Emtricitabine | 27 | 52 | 52/111 (46.8) | |
| Tenofovir | 42 | 70 | 70/111 (63.0) | |
| Raltegravir | 8 | 10 | 10/111 (9.0) | |
| Lamivudine | 19 | 29 | 29/111 (26.1) | |
| Dolutegravir | 17 | 23 | 23/111 (20.7) | |
| Atazanavir | 4 | 5 | 5/111 (4.5) | |
| Zidovudine | 3 | 4 | 4/111 (3.6) | |
| Rilpivirine | 3 | 5 | 5/111 (4.5) | |
| Darunavir | 9 | 19 | 19/111 (17.1) | |
| Cobicistat | 11 | 18 | 18/111 (16.2) | |
| Acyclovir | 1 | 1 | 1/111 (0.9) | |
| Remdesivir | 2 | 2 | 2/111 (1.8) | |
| Elvitegravir | 6 | 10 | 10/111 (9.0) | |
| Abacavir | 6 | 8 | 8/111 (7.2) | |
| Nevirapine | 2 | 3 | 3/111 (2.7) | |
| Maraviroc | 1 | 1 | 1/111 (0.9) | |
| Etravirine | 1 | 1 | 1/111 (0.9) | |
| Bictegravir | 5 | 7 | 7/111 (6.3) | |
| Umifenovir | 6 | 8 | 8/111 (7.2) | |
| Ribavirin | 1 | 1 | 1/111 (0.9) | |
| Protease inhibitor | 1 | 3 | 3/111 (2.7) | |
| Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors | 1 | 7 | 7/111 (6.3) | |
| Integrase inhibitor | 1 | 4 | 4/111 (3.6) | |
| IFNb b | 1 | 2 | 2/111 (1.8) | |
| IFN αlb | 1 | 1 | 1/111 (0.9) | |
| Antibacterial drug | Azithromycin | 16 | 28 | 28/111 (25.9) |
| Clindamycin | 1 | 1 | 1/111 (0.9) | |
| Ampicillin | 1 | 1 | 1/111 (0.9) | |
| Cefoperazone-sulbactam | 2 | 2 | 2/111 (1.8) | |
| Cefepime | 1 | 1 | 1/111 (0.9) | |
| Amoxicillin–clavulanic acid | 3 | 3 | 3/111 (2.7) | |
| Sulfamethoxazole | 1 | 1 | 1/111 (0.9) | |
| Levofloxacin | 5 | 5 | 5/111 (4.5) | |
| Piperacillin/Tazobactam | 3 | 3 | 3/111 (2.7) | |
| Gentamicin | 1 | 1 | 1/111 (0.9) | |
| Spiramycin | 1 | 1 | 1/111 (0.9) | |
| Cefotaxime | 1 | 1 | 1/111 (0.9) | |
| Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole | 9 | 10 | 10/111 (9.0) | |
| Benzylpenicillin | 1 | 1 | 1/111 (0.9) | |
| Rifabutin | 2 | 2 | 2/111 (1.8) | |
| Tazocin | 2 | 2 | 2/111 (1.8) | |
| Doxycycline | 2 | 2 | 2/111 (1.8) | |
| Isoniazid | 3 | 4 | 4/111 (3.6) | |
| Meropenem | 3 | 4 | 4/111 (3.6) | |
| Ethambutol | 4 | 4 | 4/111 (3.6) | |
| Pyrazinamide | 2 | 2 | 2/111 (1.8) | |
| Rifampin | 2 | 2 | 2/111 (1.8) | |
| Ciprofloxacin | 2 | 2 | 2/111 (1.8) | |
| Cefdinir | 1 | 3 | 3/111 (2.7) | |
| Ceftriaxone | 8 | 15 | 15/111 (13.5) | |
| Vancomycin | 3 | 3 | 3/111 (2.7) | |
| Moxifloxacin | 7 | 9 | 9/111 (8.1) | |
| Others | Hydroxychloroquine | 18 | 28 | 28/111 (25.2) |
| Enoxaparin | 5 | 5 | 5/111 (4.5) | |
| Hormonal anti-inflammatory therapy | 1 | 1 | 1/111 (0.9) | |
| Ibuprofen | 1 | 1 | 1/111 (0.9) | |
| Heparin | 2 | 2 | 2/111(1.8) | |
| Methylprednisolone | 3 | 6 | 6/111 (5.4) | |
| Human serum albumin | 2 | 2 | 2/111 (1.8) | |
| Thymosin | 1 | 1 | 1/111(0.9) | |
| Ulinastatin | 1 | 1 | 1/111 (0.9) | |
| Aspirin | 1 | 1 | 1/111 (0.9) | |
| Atorvastatin | 3 | 3 | 3/111 (2.7) | |
| Ezetimibe | 1 | 1 | 1/111 (0.9) | |
| Bisoprolol | 1 | 1 | 1/111 (0.9) | |
| Trimetazidine | 1 | 1 | 1/111 (0.9) | |
| Alogliptin | 1 | 1 | 1/111 (0.9) | |
| Metformin | 2 | 2 | 2/111 (1.8) | |
| γ-globulin | 1 | 1 | 1/111 (0.9) | |
| Prednisolone | 3 | 4 | 4/111 (3.6) | |
| Mycophenolate mofetil | 1 | 1 | 1/111 (0.9) | |
| Tacrolimus | 1 | 1 | 1/111 (0.9) | |
| Anti-thymocyte globulin | 1 | 1 | 1/111 (0.9) | |
| Amphotericin B deoxycholate | 2 | 2 | 2/111 (1.8) | |
| Itraconazole | 1 | 1 | 1/111 (0.9) | |
| Acetaminophen | 2 | 2 | 2/111 (1.8) | |
| Zinc sulfate | 2 | 2 | 2/111 (1.8) | |
| Vitamin C | 1 | 1 | 1/111 (0.9) | |
| Hydrocortisone | 1 | 1 | 1/111 (0.9) | |
| Hydrochlorothiazide | 1 | 1 | 1/111 (0.9) | |
| Losartan | 1 | 1 | 1/111 (0.9) | |
| Alfuzosin | 1 | 1 | 1/111 (0.9) | |
| Doxazosin | 1 | 1 | 1/111 (0.9) | |
| Metoprolol | 1 | 1 | 1/111 (0.9) | |
| Amlodipine | 1 | 1 | 1/111 (0.9) | |
| Irbesartan | 1 | 1 | 1/111 (0.9) | |
| Nebivolol | 1 | 1 | 1/111 (0.9) | |
| Antipyretics | 1 | 2 | 2/111 (1.8) | |
| Lisinopril | 1 | 1 | 1/111 (0.9) | |
| Coumadin | 1 | 1 | 1/111 (0.9) | |
| Vitamin A | 1 | 1 | 1/111 (0.9) | |
| Vitamin D | 1 | 1 | 1/111 (0.9) | |
| Antihypertensive | 1 | 2 | 2/111 (1.8) | |
| Paracetamol | 2 | 6 | 6/111 (5.4) | |
| Antitussives | 1 | 2 | 2/111 (1.8) | |
| Iron-folic acid | 1 | 1 | 1/111 (0.9) | |
| Vitamin supplements | 1 | 5 | 5/111 (4.5) | |
| Fluconazole | 2 | 2 | 2/111 (1.8) | |
| Rehydration salts | 1 | 1 | 1/111 (0.9) | |
| Corticosteroids | 2 | 2 | 2/111 (1.8) | |
| Intravenous (IV) proton-pump inhibitors | 1 | 1 | 1/111 (0.9) | |
| Chloroquine | 1 | 1 | 1/111 (0.9) | |
| Caspofungin | 1 | 1 | 1/111 (0.9) | |
| Perindopril | 1 | 1 | 1/111 (0.9) | |
| Sarilumab | 1 | 1 | 1/111 (0.9) | |
| Liposomal Amphotericin B | 1 | 1 | 1/111 (0.9) | |
| Flucytosine | 1 | 1 | 1/111 (0.9) | |
| Insulin | 1 | 1 | 1/111 (0.9) | |
| Mucolytic syrup | 1 | 1 | 1/111 (0.9) |
a
n; the number of patients under treatment, N; the total number of patients with COVID-19.
b
Interferon.