Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients by nutritional status.
| Variables | Low GNRI (< 92) (n = 525) | High GNRI (GNRI ≥ 92) (n = 706) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 78 [69, 84] | 68 [57, 77] | < 0.001 |
| Female, n (%) | 200 (38.1) | 159 (22.5%) | < 0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 132 [110, 151] | 132 [112, 155] | 0.507 |
| Heart rate, beats/min | 94 [78, 114] | 96 [78, 112] | 0.814 |
| LVEF, % | 30 [25, 35] | 30 [23, 35] | 0.013 |
| Ischemic etiology, n (%) | 205 (39.0) | 246 (34.8) | 0.130 |
| NYHA (III–IV) | 432 (86.7) | 553 (81.4) | 0.015 |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Prior HF hospitalization, n (%) | 188 (36.4) | 246 (35.1) | 0.642 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 342 (65.1) | 440 (62.3) | 0.309 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 201 (38.3) | 270 (38.2) | 0.988 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 193 (37.3) | 319 (45.8) | 0.003 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 209 (41.4) | 357 (52.2) | < 0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 201 (38.4) | 290 (41.1) | 0.336 |
| Stroke, n (%) | 70 (13.3) | 89 (12.7) | 0.728 |
| COPD, n (%) | 26 (5.0) | 24 (3.4) | 0.173 |
| Laboratory findings at admission | |||
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 11.9 [10.4, 13.5] | 13.4 [12.0, 15.0] | 0.001 |
| BUN, mg/dL | 25.1 [18.2, 36.3] | 20.3 [15.9, 27.4] | < 0.001 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.14 [0.81, 1.61] | 1.04 [0.86, 1.31] | 0.003 |
| eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 45.2 [29.8, 61.6] | 53.6 [40.2, 66.5] | < 0.001 |
| Sodium, mEq/L | 139 [137, 142] | 140 [138, 142] | < 0.001 |
| Potassium, mEq/L | 4.4 [3.9, 4.8] | 4.3 [4.0, 4.7] | 0.823 |
| BNP, pg/mL | 1155 [702, 1989] | 707 [383, 1082] | < 0.001 |
| Alb, mg/dL | 3.4 [3.1, 3.7] | 3.8 [3.6, 4.1] | < 0.001 |
Values are median [with interquartile ranges] or n (%).
GNRI geriatric nutritional risk index, NYHA New York Heart Association, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, HF heart failure, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, BUN blood urea nitrogen, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, BNP B-type natriuretic peptide.