Table 2.
Autocrine/paracrine effects of shed synaptic ectodomains.
| Synaptic protein | Type of effect | Cell type/system | Developmental stage | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| APP (Aβ) | Autocrine and paracrine | Cultured hippocampal slices (rat) | Postnatal day 6–7 | ↓Spine density and plasticity | [41] |
| CNTNAP 2 | Paracrine | Cultured cortical neurons (mouse) | Mature neurons | ↓Neuronal synchrony | [20] |
| ICAM5 | Bath application. Autocrine? | Cultured hippocampal neurons (mouse and rat) | Mature neurons | Filopodia elongation, fexcitatory transmission | [51, 69] |
| L1CAM | Autocrine/paracrine | CHO cells | N.A. | Cell migration | [53] |
| NCAM | Paracrine | Neocortex and hippocampus (mouse) | Adult | ↓Synapses in amygdala | [68] |
| NRG1 | Paracrine | Swann cells (zebrafish) | Larva | Peripheral nervous system myelination | [62] |
| NRXN1β | Acute bath application. Paracrine? | Cultured hippocampal neurons (rat) | Immature neurons | Neurite outgrowth | [9] |
| Acute bath incubation. Paracrine? | Autaptic hippocampal neurons (rat) | Mature neurons | ↑Synaptic transmission | ||
| Prolonged bath incubation. Paracrine? | Autaptic hippocampal neurons (rat) | Mature neurons | ↓Synaptic transmission | ||
| NRXN3β | Paracrine | Granule cell to newborn neurons (mouse) | Adult | Spine maturation | [46] |
| Autocrine | Newborn neurons (mouse) | Adult | Axonal development | ||
| SIRPα | Paracrine | Cultured hippocampal neurons (mouse) | Immature neurons | Presynaptic maturation | [70] |
| αNRXN | Paracrine | Neuromuscular junction (C. eleaans) | Adult | ↓ACh release | [10] |