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. 2022 May 5;13:874474. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.874474

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Copyright © 2022 Arunachalam, Sreeja and Yang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Treatment with polysaccharides has a positive impact on diabetes problems in organs and tissues. ROS formation by hyperglycemia, free fatty acids, and cytokines has a cumulative impact and process. Stress-sensitive pathways such as polyol, advanced glycation end products, PKC, and hexosamine flux are activated when mitochondrial ROS levels are too high. The current original study text goes into great detail on the processes. IRS, insulin receptor substrate; ROS, reactive oxygen species; IR: insulin receptor; NF-κB, Nuclear factor-kappa B; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinases; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; LPO, lipid peroxidation; AKT, serine/threonine-specific protein kinase; RNS, reactive nitrogen species (adopted from Banerjee and Vats, 2014).