TABLE 7.

In vitro effects of ginsenoside Rg3 on liver cancer cells and the underlying mechanisms.

Cell lines	Effective dose/dose range	Effects and related mechanisms	References
SMMC-7721, HepG2	50, 100 μg/ml	Inhibits proliferation; Promotes apoptosis; caspase-3↑; Bax ↑; Bcl-2↑	Zhang et al. (2012)
Bel-7402, HCCLM3	10, 25, 50, and 100 μM	Reduces cell viability; Induces cell apoptosis, G1↑; S phase ↓; Cleaved-caspase-3↑; NHE1↓; EGFR↓; EGF↓; HIF-1α↓; ERK1/2↓	Li et al. (2018)
SMMC-7721	7.5, 15, 30, 60, and 100 μg/ml	Inhibiting proliferation; Promote apoptosis; Cyclin D1↓; PCNA↓	Shan et al. (2019)
Bel-7402, HCCLM3	40, 80, 160 µM	Reduces cell viability; Number of cells in G1 phase ↑; CDK2 ↓; Cyclin D1↓; SIRT2↓; H3K18 ac↑; H4K16ac↑	Qiyu Zheng et al. (2021)
HepG2, SK-Hep1, MHCC-97L, MHCC-97H, SMMC-7721, BEL-7404	1.25, 2.5, 5 μg/ml	Reduces cell viability; Blocks invasion and migration; ARHGAP9↑	Sun et al. (2019)
Hep1-6, HepG2	50, 100, 200 μg/ml	Reduces cell viability; Induces apoptosis; caspase-3 ↑; Cyto (c) ↑; Cyto (m) ↓; Bcl-2↓; Bcl-XL↓; Bax↑	Jiang et al. (2011)
Hep3B	1, 3, 10, 30, 50 µM	Promotes apoptosis; ROS↑; caspase-3↑; Cyto (c) ↑; Bax↑; Bcl-2↓	Park et al. (2012)
HepG2	100, 200, 300, 400, 500 μg/ml	Global genomic DNA methylation↓; DNMT1↑; DNMT3a↓; DNMT↓; P53 ↑; Bcl-2 ↓; VEGF↓	Teng et al. (2017)
HepG2	25, 50, 75, 100 mg/L	Inhibits cell viability; VEGF↓	Yu et al. (2013)
SK-Hep1, HepG2, Hep3B, HL-7702	100 μM	caspase-3↑; PARP↑; DR5↑; CHOP↑; EIF2α↑; GRP78↑	Lee et al. (2013)