TABLE 8.

Biological effects of ginsenoside Rg3 on in vivo models of HCC.

Models	Administration	Effective doses	Effects/related mechanisms	References
DEN-induced HCC in C57BL/6 mice	Oral administration 5 times from 29 to 30 weeks	70 mg/kg	Prolongs the survival time; Reduces the number of liver surface tumors; Decreases lung metastasis; Remodels the unbalanced networks between gut microbiota and metabolism; Inhibits the morphological changes in the ileocecal part; Enhances the immune response; Bacteroidetes↑; Verrucomicrobia↑; Firmicutes↓; 3-indolepropionic acid↓; urea↓; free fatty acids↑; ALT ↓; AST↓; FFA 18_2↑; FFA 16_2 ↑; N8-acetylspermidine↓; creatinine↓	Ren et al. (2020)
C57BL/6 mouse implanted with Hepa1‐6 cells	Oral administered for 30 days	10 mg/kg	Prolongs the survival time; Maintains weight; Reduces the tumor weight; Induces apoptosis; Inhibits angiogenesis	Hu et al. (2019)
BALB/c nude injected with HCCLM3 cells	Intraperitoneally injected for once every 2 days for 3 weeks	10 mg/kg	Suppresses tumor growth; Ki67↓; Cleaved-caspase-3↑; NHE1↓; EGFR↓; EGF↓; HIF-1α↓; ERK1/2↓	Li et al. (2018)
Buffalo rat implanted with McA-RH7777 cells	Hepatic arterial infusions of normal saline or iodized oil (0.1 ml/kg) with ginsenoside Rg3	1 mg/kg	Reduces the longest tumor diameter; Maintains body weight; Blocks tumor metastasis; Prolongs survival; MVD↓; CD31↓; VEGF↓; VEGF-R2↓	Zhou et al. (2014)
Rabbit liver VX2 carcinoma models	Ginsenoside Rg3, lipiodol (0.1 ml/kg) or a mixture of both was injected through the catheter until a reduction in blood flow to the tumor was observed	6.0 mg/kg	Inhibits tumor growth; CD31↓; VEGF↓; caspase-3 ↑; Bax↑	Yu et al. (2013)