TABLE 2.

Density–elasticity relationships used to determine the orthotropic elastic constants as functions of element ash density ρ _ash (g/cm³) (Enns-Bray et al., 2014).

Elastic constant (MPa)	Cancellous bone	Cortical bone
E x	E z × 0.47 ρ 0.12	0.57 × E z
E y	E z × 0.76 ρ 0.09	0.57 × E z
E z	10500 ρ 2.29	10500 ρ 2.29
G xy	E z × 0.26 ρ 0.24	0.29 × E z
G yz	E z × 0.29 ρ 0.17	0.2 × E z
G zx	E z × 0.45 ρ 0.18	0.2 × E z
ν xy	0.27 ρ −0.09	0.37
ν yz	0.14 ρ −0.16	0.3
ν zx	0.14 ρ −0.07	0.3

Note: The subscripts x, y, and z represent the directions along the normal directions of the sagittal, coronal, and transverse planes, respectively.