TABLE 3.

Muscle and joint contact forces in the proximal femur models for the young and the elderly (Simões et al., 2000; Doherty, 2001; Williams et al., 2002; Diffo Kaze et al., 2017; Sangeux, 2019).

Load	Resultant force (N)		Angle (degree)
	Young	Elderly	α	β
Joint contact force	1,100	1,170	21	7
Abductors	300	180	20	180
Iliopsoas	188	112.8	47	82
Vastus lateralis	292	175.2	180	—

Note: α represents the angle between the load direction and z-axis; β represents the angle between the load direction and x axis.