TABLE 2.

CCT subunits are highly expressed in different cancers.

Cancers	CCT subunits	Mechanism of action	Citations
Adenocarcinomas	CCT2	Positive expression in tumor tissue correlated with clinical behavior	Zou et al. (2013)
Breast cancer	CCT2, TCP1	Genes identified as being recurrently altered and necessary for growth of cancer cells	Guest et al. (2015)
	CCT2	Gene and protein expressed in tumor tissues that correlated with patient outcomes and identified as a targeted peptide therapeutic	Bassiouni et al. (2016)
	CCT6A	RNA and protein were increased in tumor tissues compared to non-tumor tissues and associated with poor patient survival	Huang et al. (2019)
	CCT1, CCT2, CCT6A	Bioinformatics analysis revealed overexpression correlated with unfavorable prognosis with implications for other cancers	Klimczak et al. (2019)
	CCT2	Gene increased in patients and correlated with poor survival; depletion reduced tumor growth in mice	Showalter et al. (2020)
	CCT2, 3, 4, 5, 6A, and 7	Extensive data mining revealed that subunits were increased in tumor tissue compared to nontumor tissue and correlated with immune cell markers	Xu et al. (2021)
	CCT2	Genomically amplified in cancers that correlated with reduced patient survival and co-occurrence reported with genes that regulate the cell cycle	Ghozlan et al. (2021)
	CCT2	Transcriptomic profiling found increased expression in multiple cancers; association with PR+, HER2-, and advanced tumor stage; had prognostic value for luminal A cancers	Liu et al. (2021b)
	CCT2	Bioinformatics and patient data correlated increased expression with patient prognosis; developed as a biomarker for diagnostic assay to detect circulating tumor cells	Cox et al. (2022)
Colorectal cancer	CCT2, CCT5	Protein detected in tumor tissues that correlated with advanced stage and poor patient survival	Coghlin et al. (2006)
	cirCCT3	Circulating RNA was highly expressed in clinical tumors	Li et al. (2020)
	CCT2	Tumor tissues showed higher expression than normal colon tissue that correlated with reduced patient survival	Park et al. (2020)
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma	CCT8	Protein expression was high in tissues from patients with lymph nodes metastasis and overall survival was poor	Yang et al. (2018)
Ewing sarcoma	CCT6A	Bioinformatics analysis correlated high expression with poor prognosis; possible biomarker	Jiang et al. (2021)
Gastric cancer	CCT3	High levels detected in cancer tissue compared to adjacent healthy tissue and knockdown reduced growth of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo	Li et al. (2017)
Glioma	CCT8	Protein detected in tumor tissue and cell lines correlated with tumor grade; knockdown reduced growth and migration	Qiu et al. (2015)
Glioblastoma	CCT6A (also: CCT2, 3, 5, TCP1)	Neurosurgical aspirates contained extracellular vesicles with detectable protein that negatively correlated with patient survival	Hallal et al. (2019)
Head and neck squamous cell	CCT complex, CCT4, CCT7	Database mining showed that gene expression was higher in tumors than normal tissues and correlated with low patient survival and advanced stage	Dong et al. (2020)
Hepatocellular and colonic carcinoma	CCT Complex, CCT2	Increased expression in tumor tissue compared to non-tumor tissue and correlated with cell growth indicators	Yokota et al. (2001a)
Hepatocellular carcinoma	CCT8	High expression correlated with histological grade and tumor size; also associated with poor prognosis	Huang et al. (2014)
	CCT3	Increased expression in cell lines and tissue	Qiu et al. (2015)
	CCT Complex	Using patient samples and database mining, increased expression correlated with poor prognosis and dysregulated oncogenes	Yao et al. (2019)
	CCT5, CCT complex	Dataset mining found that RNA and protein are upregulated in tumors and associated with advanced tumor grade and poor survival; depletion or overexpression altered growth, invasion	Liu et al. (2021a)
	CCT6A	RNA and protein were increased in tumor tissues and associated with poor survival; depletion in cells reduced proliferation	Zeng et al. (2019)
	CCT1 (TCP1)	High levels observed in poorly differentiated tissue that was increased over normal adjacent tissues, which correlated with shorter survival and worse prognosis	Tang et al. (2020)
	CCT7	Dataset mining showed that gene was higher in cancer tissue compared to normal and RNA and protein were independent risk factors for poor prognosis	Huang et al. (2022)
Multiple myeloma	CCT3	Database mining correlated expression with poor prognosis; potential role in diagnosis	Qian et al. (2020)
Non-small cell lung cancer	CCT5	Proteomics analysis showed that protein was detectable in sera (autoantibody response) and was expressed in tissues	Gao et al. (2017)
	CCT6A	Increased expression in tumor tissues compared to tumor adjacent, associated with lymph node metastasis and negatively correlated with patient outcomes	Zhang et al. (2020)
Osteosarcoma	CCT complex, CCT4	Database mining showed increased expression, with the highest among most cancers; expression correlated with metastasis and poor survival; small molecule inhibitor tested	Wang et al. (2022)
Pancreatic cancer	CCT8	Mass spectrometry analysis detected protein in invasive cell line that could be secreted in exosomes; potential use in liquid biopsies	Liu et al. (2019a)
Prostate cancer	CCT2	Protein increased in cell lines that were susceptible to targeted therapeutic	Flores et al. (2017)
Small cell lung cancer	CCT2	Protein highly expressed in tumor compared to normal lung and correlated with increasing grade and poor survival; targeted therapeutic reduced growth in cell lines	Carr et al. (2017)
Thyroid cancer	CCT3	Protein was increased in tumor tissues compared to matched controls and knockdown reduced cell proliferation	Shi et al. (2018)