. 2022 May 9;52(3):210–219. doi: 10.4041/kjod21.180

Table 3.

Comparison of cephalometric measurements among Angle’s Class I, II, and III groups of adult patients with anterior open bite treated by clear aligners without extraction

Measure-ment	Class I (n = 44)				Class II (n = 16)				Class III (n = 9)				p-value^‡
Measure-ment	T1	T2	T2-T1	p-value^†	T1	T2	T2-T1	p-value^†	T1	T2	T2-T1	p-value^†	p-value^‡
ANB (°)	4.30 ± 2.37	4.17 ± 2.47	₋0.14 ± 0.39	0.02^*	5.51 ± 2.75	5.32 ± 2.75	₋0.20 ± 0.65	0.25	1.43 ± 1.78	1.58 ± 1.74	0.15 ± 0.35	0.24	0.21
SNA (°)	79.20 ± 3.79	79.24 ± 3.85	0.04 ± 0.13	0.05	78.72 ± 4.06	78.75 ± 4.17	0.03 ± 0.33	0.74	82.08 ± 4.72	82.17 ± 4.8	0.09 ± 0.16	0.14	0.78
SNB (°)	74.90 ± 3.99	75.08 ± 4.02	0.18 ± 0.41	0.006^**	73.22 ± 4.04	73.44 ± 4.02	0.22 ± 0.57	0.15	80.64 ± 5.2	80.58 ± 5.14	₋0.06 ± 0.27	0.51	0.16
OPA (°)	20.96 ± 5.09	21.36 ± 4.86	0.40 ± 1.57^a	0.10^*	22.11 ± 4.94	24.50 ± 5.52	2.40 ± 2.51^b	0.002^**	16.83 ± 6.58	14.76 ± 6.41	₋2.07 ± 1.28^c	0.001^**	< 0.001^***
MPA (°)	40.82 ± 7.36	40.42 ± 7.53	₋0.45 ± 0.67^ac	0.001^**	44.63 ± 6.35	43.84 ± 6.60	₋0.80 ± 0.91^a	0.003^**	35.91 ± 6.61	36.07 ± 5.93	0.16 ± 1.46^c	0.76	0.04^*
LFH (mm)	72.52 ± 5.66	71.87 ± 5.80	₋0.65 ± 0.93^ac	< 0.001^***	71.90 ± 4.93	70.95 ± 5.10	₋0.95 ± 1.00^a	0.002^**	74.57 ± 5.09	74.8 ± 5.44	0.23 ± 1.67^c	0.69	0.02^*
IIA (°)	122.33 ± 8.25	130.70 ± 8.14	9.38 ± 4.88	< 0.001^***	121.19 ± 10.61	132.95 ± 8.73	11.77 ± 9.73	< 0.001^***	127.81 ± 9.87	137.84 ± 8.26	10.04 ± 5.85	< 0.001^***	0.61
U1SNA (°)	101.94 ± 6.20	96.70 ± 6.23	₋5.24 ± 3.36^a	< 0.001^***	100.79 ± 6.49	92.02 ± 6.91	₋8.76 ± 5.71^b	< 0.001^***	104.75 ± 9.88	102.31 ± 8.74	₋2.44 ± 2.99^a	0.04^*	0.003^**
IMPA (°)	94.91 ± 7.05	91.19 ± 7.80	₋3.72 ± 3.29^a	< 0.001^***	93.38 ± 7.55	91.20 ± 6.04	₋2.18 ± 6.39^a	0.19	91.53 ± 6.56	83.78 ± 7.09	₋7.75 ± 4.31^c	< 0.001^***	0.005^**
OB (mm)	₋2.20 ± 1.50	1.10 ± 0.71	3.30 ± 1.46	< 0.001^***	₋2.55 ± 1.36	1.08 ± 0.96	3.63 ± 1.43	< 0.001^***	₋1.66 ± 0.56	1.06 ± 0.98	2.72 ± 1.17	< 0.001^***	0.48
OJ (mm)	3.28 ± 1.46	2.71 ± 0.70	₋0.57 ± 1.41^a	0.01^*	4.63 ± 2.26	2.63 ± 0.64	₋2.00 ± 2.22^b	0.003^**	0.43 ± 1.34	2.26 ± 0.7	1.83 ± 1.29^c	0.003^**	< 0.001^***
U6-PP (mm)	24.88 ± 2.23	24.49 ± 2.23	₋0.39 ± 0.51^a	< 0.001^***	24.35 ± 2.50	23.79 ± 2.55	₋0.56 ± 0.51^a	< 0.001^***	26.66 ± 2.35	26.81 ± 2.22	0.14 ± 0.74^c	0.58	0.01^*
U1-PP (mm)	29.72 ± 2.84	30.89 ± 2.91	1.16 ± 0.86^ac	< 0.001^***	29.44 ± 2.65	31.20 ± 2.97	1.76 ± 1.00^a	< 0.001^***	30.85 ± 3.16	31.27 ± 3.2	0.42 ± 0.48^c	0.03^*	0.002^**
L6-MP (mm)	33.98 ± 2.94	33.82 ± 2.92	₋0.16 ± 0.47	0.03^*	33.12 ± 2.47	33.07 ± 2.58	₋0.05 ± 0.39	0.62	34.49 ± 2.47	34.47 ± 2.8	₋0.03 ± 0.62	0.90	0.59
L1-MP (mm)	37.46 ± 3.25	38.81 ± 3.43	1.35 ± 0.94^a	< 0.001^***	35.67 ± 3.15	36.28 ± 3.23	0.61 ± 1.53^a	0.13	40.07 ± 2.62	42.84 ± 3.47	2.77 ± 1.37^c	< 0.001^***	< 0.001^***

Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation.

T1, before treatment; T2, after treatment.

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.

^†Intragroup comparison of T2-T1 difference (paired-sample t-test; significance at p < 0.05).

^‡ANOVA for cephalometric changes across Class I, Class II, and Class III groups; values with different superscript letters are significantly different.

See Figure 1 and Table 2 for definitions of each measurement.