Table 1.

Summary of all printing methods described in this review

Dimensionality	Printing assembly method	Advantages	Disadvantages	Material	Reference
2D	inkjet printing	not use templates, high accuracy and uniformity, good spatial solution, fast and simple	inks are limited by NPs size and rheological properties	AuNPs, silver NPs, PS, PbS, perovskite, graphene, black phosphorus	38,123,130,133,146,147
	screen printing	low cost and fast speed, strong compatibility with printing environment	low resolution, high roughness, and high ink viscosity	MXene, silver NPs, MOF, UCNPs, ZnO	39,47,124,132,136,140
	NIL	simple and low cost, transfer to various substrates	need for primitive mother-templates	Zn0.2Fe2.8O4, AuNPs	52,54
	μCP	high resolution, flexible transfer to various substrates	substrates generally require chemical modification	AuNPs	58,125
	DPN	high resolution, wide range of applicable ink	pattern area is small, difficult to conversion between micrometer and nanoscale	CdSe, ZnS	61,62,63,69
	evaporative lithography	high resolution, flexible transfer to various substrates	need for primitive mother-templates	AuNPs, PbI2	74,144,149
3D	SLA	high resolution, high material utilization rate	the process is complicated and takes a long time	photosensitive resin, graphene, FeO	94, 96, 97
	DIW	wide range of viscosity, can print a variety of materials at the same time	low resolution	FeO, copper NPs, cellulose nanocrystals, perovskite	94,108,134,138
	EHD	low cost, high resolution, Materials are widely applicable	the process is complex and inefficient	ZnO, AuNPs, PbS	88,95,98,148
	PBF	high resolution, high performance	complex preparation, high cost, low efficiency, high particle size requirements	carbon NPs	90,91
4D	thermally driven	simple operating conditions, wide range of materials, high sensitivity	poor adaptability to extreme environments (high temperature, low temperature)	SMP	101
	magnetic drive	remote control, good biocompatibility, fast response	there are many influencing factors and the process is complicated	Fe3O4, FeO	107,108
	the reactants	fast response, wide range of materials	selectivity and accuracy need to be further improved	nanofibers, liquid crystalline	111