Table 1.
Type 2 diabetes-related mortality and DALYs indicators by country income tiers, 1990–2019
| Variable | Mortality cases (×103, 95% CI) |
ASDR (/100,000, 95% CI) |
DALYs (No. ×103, 95% CI) |
Age-standardised DALY rate (/100,000, 95% CI) |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 2019 | Annual growth (%) | 1990 | 2019 | Annual growth (%) | 1990 | 2019 | Annual growth (%) | 1990 | 2019 | Annual growth (%) | |
| Global | ||||||||||||
| All factors | 606 (573, 638) | 1473 (1372, 1566) | 4.9 (4.6, 5.2) | 16.7 (15.7, 17.5) | 18.5 (17.2, 19.7) | 0.4 (0.1, 0.7) | 25,478 (21,701, 29,776) | 66,300 (55,477, 79,005) | 5.5 (4.7, 6.3) | 628.3 (537.2, 730.9) | 801.5 (670.6, 954.4) | 1.0 (0.2, 1.7) |
| Metabolic factors | ||||||||||||
| High BMI | 191 (118, 276) | 619 (436, 815) | 7.7 (7.1, 8.3) | 5.0 (3.0, 7.3) | 7.6 (5.3, 10.0) | 1.8 (0.4, 3.2) | 9391 (5778, 13,913) | 34,422 (24,110, 46,308) | 9.2 (8.7, 9.7) | 224.8 (137.9, 332.0) | 411.1 (287.5, 552.2) | 2.9 (1.6, 4.1) |
| Environmental factors | ||||||||||||
| Ambient particulate matter pollution | 56 (37, 79) | 197 (136, 258) | 8.7 (7.8, 9.6) | 1.6 (1.0, 2.2) | 2.5 (1.7, 3.2) | 2.0 (0.6, 3.4) | 2330 (1463, 3318) | 9034 (6135, 12,213) | 9.9 (9.1, 10.7) | 58.4 (36.6, 83.1) | 109.0 (74.1, 147.2) | 3.0 (1.6, 4.4) |
| Household air pollution from solid fuels | 75 (49, 121) | 96 (61, 138) | 1.0 (−0.9, 2.9) | 2.0 (1.3, 3.2) | 1.2 (0.7, 1.7) | −1.4 (−3.7, 0.9) | 3126 (1984, 5001) | 3922 (2432, 5851) | 0.9 (−1.1, 2.9) | 75.9 (48.1, 120.4) | 47.1 (29.2, 70.4) | −1.3 (−3.6, 1.0) |
| Tobacco | ||||||||||||
| Smoking | 67 (56, 80) | 121 (99, 145) | 2.7 (1.9, 3.6) | 1.8 (1.5, 2.1) | 1.5 (1.2, 1.8) | −0.5 (−1.5, 0.4) | 3278 (2559, 4071) | 6541 (4997, 8273) | 3.4 (2.3, 4.5) | 79.2 (61.9, 97.9) | 78.1 (59.6, 98.7) | −0.1 (−1.2, 1.1) |
| Second-hand smoke | 56 (22, 84) | 123 (48, 189) | 4.2 (1.7, 6.7) | 1.5 (0.6, 2.3) | 1.5 (0.6, 2.4) | 0.1 (−2.8, 3.0) | 2462 (925, 3868) | 5803 (2138, 9191) | 4.7 (2.1, 7.3) | 60.0 (22.5, 94.1) | 69.7 (25.7, 110.5) | 0.6 (−2.4, 3.5) |
| Dietary | ||||||||||||
| Diet low in fruits | 41 (26, 57) | 88 (56, 126) | 4.0 (2.4, 5.7) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.5) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.6) | 0 (−1.9, 1.9) | 1784 (1112, 2574) | 3946 (2370, 5908) | 4.2 (2.3, 6.1) | 43.6 (27.0, 62.9) | 47.6 (28.6, 71.3) | 0.3 (−1.7, 2.3) |
| Diet low in whole grains | 31 (11, 46) | 73 (26, 108) | 4.7 (2.1, 7.2) | 0.9 (0.3, 1.3) | 0.9 (0.3, 1.4) | 0.2 (−2.7, 3.2) | 1289 (451, 1975) | 3300 (1129, 5144) | 5.4 (2.7, 8.1) | 32.0 (11.2, 49.0) | 39.9 (13.7, 62.1) | 0.8 (−2.1, 3.8) |
| Diet high in red meat | 35 (19, 48) | 82 (46, 115) | 4.7 (3.0, 6.5) | 1.0 (0.5, 1.3) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.5) | 0.2 (−1.8, 2.3) | 1524 (873, 2207) | 4123 (2434, 5962) | 5.9 (4.2, 7.5) | 37.9 (21.8, 54.6) | 49.8 (29.4, 72.0) | 1.1 (−0.9, 3.0) |
| Diet high in processed meat | 34 (24, 41) | 73 (51, 88) | 3.9 (2.8, 5.1) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.2) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.1) | −0.2 (−1.5, 1.1) | 1447 (996, 1891) | 3680 (2431, 4883) | 5.3 (3.8, 6.8) | 36.5 (25.2, 47.6) | 44.6 (29.5, 59.0) | 0.8 (−0.8, 2.3) |
| Diet high in sugar-sweetened beverages | 20 (14, 26) | 49 (30, 64) | 4.8 (3.1, 6.5) | 0.6 (0.4, 0.7) | 0.6 (0.4, 0.8) | 0.3 (−1.3, 1.9) | 864 (578, 1140) | 2334 (1385, 3239) | 5.9 (3.9, 7.9) | 21.4 (14.3, 28.2) | 28.2 (16.8, 39.1) | 1.1 (−0.7, 2.9) |
| Diet low in fibre | 20 (10, 31) | 41 (17, 65) | 3.5 (0.9, 6.0) | 0.6 (0.3, 0.9) | 0.5 (0.2, 0.8) | −0.3 (−3.0, 2.4) | 843 (380, 1318) | 1779 (727, 2876) | 3.8 (1.2, 6.5) | 20.9 (9.5, 32.7) | 21.6 (8.8, 34.9) | 0.1 (−2.7, 2.9) |
| Diet low in nuts and seeds | 13 (3, 26) | 29 (8, 55) | 4.2 (1.3, 7.2) | 0.4 (0.1, 0.7) | 0.4 (0.1, 0.7) | 0 (−3.7, 3.7) | 551 (129, 1105) | 1316 (372, 2568) | 4.8 (1.8, 7.7) | 13.7 (3.2, 27.4) | 15.9 (4.5, 31.1) | 0.6 (−3.0, 4.2) |
| Physical activity | ||||||||||||
| Low physical activity | 50 (25, 85) | 125 (62, 208) | 5.2 (3.0, 7.4) | 1.5 (0.8, 2.5) | 1.6 (0.8, 2.7) | 0.3 (−2.2, 2.9) | 1720 (782, 3071) | 4549 (2189, 7969) | 5.7 (3.5, 7.9) | 45.0 (21.3, 79.5) | 55.9 (27.2, 97.6) | 0.8 (−1.8, 3.5) |
| LICs | ||||||||||||
| All factors | 44 (39, 50) | 88 (78, 99) | 3.4 (2.9, 3.9) | 34.3 (30.5, 38.3) | 33.0 (29.6, 36.9) | −0.1 (−0.7, 0.4) | 1556 (1348, 1797) | 3471 (2924, 4100) | 4.2 (3.5, 5.0) | 999.6 (873.7, 1147.3) | 1050.9 (895.7, 1238.9) | 0.2 (−0.5, 0.9) |
| Metabolic factors | ||||||||||||
| High BMI | 9 (4, 16) | 30 (18, 43) | 7.5 (6.9, 8.2) | 6.2 (2.7, 10.9) | 9.6 (5.7, 14.2) | 1.9 (−0.1, 3.9) | 387 (182, 656) | 1438 (903, 2047) | 9.4 (9.2, 9.6) | 226.0 (105.4, 382.8) | 393.7 (245.0, 566.0) | 2.6 (0.9, 4.3) |
| Environmental factors | ||||||||||||
| Ambient particulate matter pollution | 1 (0, 2) | 4 (2, 7) | 12.4 (11.9, 12.9) | 0.7 (0.2, 1.5) | 1.5 (0.7, 2.6) | 4.2 (2.1, 6.4) | 31 (10, 69) | 162 (78, 280) | 14.6 (14.6, 14.6) | 20.2 (6.3, 45.1) | 50.0 (24.0, 85.5) | 5.1 (3.1, 7.0) |
| Household air pollution from solid fuels | 12 (7, 24) | 19 (12, 30) | 2.0 (−0.1, 4.0) | 9.4 (5.7, 18.5) | 7.1 (4.7, 11.2) | −0.8 (−3.5, 1.9) | 415 (248, 842) | 722 (466, 1157) | 2.6 (0.6, 4.5) | 270.0 (161.9, 537.1) | 221.8 (144.0, 352.6) | −0.6 (−3.3, 2.0) |
| Tobacco | ||||||||||||
| Smoking | 3 (2, 3) | 5 (3, 6) | 2.5 (1.2, 3.7) | 1.9 (1.3, 2.4) | 1.5 (1.1, 2.0) | −0.6 (−2.0, 0.8) | 98 (72, 125) | 196 (143, 261) | 3.5 (2.2, 4.7) | 61.1 (44.6, 77.9) | 57.6 (42.2, 76.2) | −0.2 (−1.6, 1.2) |
| Second-hand smoke | 3 (1, 4) | 5 (2, 8) | 3.4 (0.8, 6.0) | 2.0 (0.8, 3.2) | 1.9 (0.7, 3.0) | −0.2 (−3.2, 2.8) | 101 (38, 160) | 230 (83, 369) | 4.4 (1.7, 7.1) | 64 (24.1, 101.5) | 67.6 (24.6, 108.6) | 0.2 (−2.8, 3.2) |
| Dietary | ||||||||||||
| Diet low in fruits | 3 (2, 5) | 7 (4, 9) | 3.4 (1.8, 5.0) | 2.6 (1.8, 3.6) | 2.6 (1.7, 3.5) | −0.1 (−1.8, 1.6) | 120 (78, 162) | 265 (170, 371) | 4.2 (2.6, 5.8) | 77.2 (50.8, 104.0) | 80.9 (52.6, 112.6) | 0.2 (−1.5, 1.9) |
| Diet low in whole grains | 2 (1, 3) | 4 (1, 7) | 3.3 (0.5, 6.1) | 1.7 (0.6, 2.6) | 1.6 (0.5, 2.5) | −0.2 (−3.4, 3.0) | 77 (26, 119) | 170 (55, 263) | 4.1 (1.4, 6.9) | 50.2 (16.7, 77.5) | 51.9 (16.8, 79.9) | 0.1 (−3.0, 3.3) |
| Diet high in red meat | 1 (0, 2) | 2 (1, 4) | 3.7 (0.5, 6.8) | 0.9 (0.2, 1.4) | 0.9 (0.2, 1.4) | 0 (−3.7, 3.7) | 43 (11, 71) | 99 (25, 169) | 4.6 (1.5, 7.6) | 26.8 (6.5, 44.8) | 29.4 (7.3, 49.7) | 0.3 (−3.2, 3.9) |
| Diet high in processed meat | 2 (1, 2) | 4 (2, 5) | 4.0 (2.4, 5.7) | 1.3 (0.7, 1.7) | 1.4 (0.8, 1.8) | 0.2 (−1.8, 2.1) | 65 (36, 84) | 159 (90, 211) | 5.0 (3.4, 6.7) | 40.5 (21.9, 52.7) | 46.9 (26.5, 61.9) | 0.5 (−1.4, 2.4) |
| Diet high in sugar-sweetened beverages | 1 (1, 2) | 2 (2, 3) | 2.5 (1.3, 3.7) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.2) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.1) | −0.6 (−1.7, 0.6) | 44 (34, 55) | 85 (59, 111) | 3.2 (1.8, 4.6) | 28.9 (22.5, 35.8) | 26.3 (19.0, 33.8) | −0.3 (−1.6, 0.9) |
| Diet low in fibre | 1 (0, 1) | 2 (1, 3) | 3.3 (0.6, 6.0) | 0.7 (0.3, 1.2) | 0.6 (0.2, 1.1) | −0.3 (−3.5, 2.9) | 31 (11, 52) | 70 (27, 119) | 4.4 (1.8, 6.9) | 20.4 (7.2, 34.0) | 21.2 (8.1, 35.6) | 0.1 (−2.9, 3.2) |
| Diet low in nuts and seeds | 1 (0, 2) | 1 (0, 3) | 2.4 (−1.2, 6.1) | 0.6 (0.1, 1.2) | 0.5 (0.1, 1.1) | −0.5 (−4.6, 3.5) | 27 (7, 54) | 53 (10, 111) | 3.2 (−0.4, 6.9) | 17.8 (4.4, 35.4) | 16.3 (3.3, 34.3) | −0.3 (−4.2, 3.7) |
| Physical activity | ||||||||||||
| Low physical activity | 2 (1, 4) | 4 (2, 8) | 4.7 (2.3, 7.1) | 1.6 (0.7, 3.0) | 1.8 (0.8, 3.2) | 0.4 (−2.5, 3.3) | 57 (24, 113) | 147 (61, 289) | 5.5 (2.9, 8.2) | 40.9 (17.9, 79.8) | 49.7 (21.8, 93.3) | 0.7 (−2.2, 3.7) |
| LMICs | ||||||||||||
| All factors | 201 (182, 224) | 649 (596, 704) | 7.7 (7.5, 7.9) | 22.8 (20.6, 25.5) | 31.2 (28.5, 33.9) | 1.3 (0.9, 1.7) | 8246 (7050, 9516) | 27,137 (23,209, 31,659) | 7.9 (7.3, 8.5) | 760.0 (656.1, 873.0) | 1108.3 (951.6, 1285.5) | 1.6 (0.9, 2.3) |
| Metabolic factors | ||||||||||||
| High BMI | 41 (20, 68) | 253 (175, 337) | 18.0 (20.4, 15.7) | 3.9 (1.9, 6.6) | 10.7 (7.2, 14.5) | 6.0 (5.4, 6.6) | 2045 (1055, 3369) | 13,035 (9058, 17,287) | 18.5 (20.8, 16.3) | 171.2 (87.5, 284.8) | 495.1 (340.2, 660.3) | 6.5 (6.1, 6.9) |
| Environmental factors | ||||||||||||
| Ambient particulate matter pollution | 12 (7, 20) | 88 (60, 119) | 21.7 (23.8, 19.6) | 1.4 (0.7, 2.3) | 4.3 (2.9, 5.7) | 7.3 (6.9, 7.6) | 514 (282, 844) | 3761 (2547, 5174) | 21.8 (23.6, 19.9) | 47.6 (26.4, 78.4) | 154.0 (104.5, 210.8) | 7.7 (7.3, 8.2) |
| Household air pollution from solid fuels | 39 (25, 64) | 60 (37, 87) | 1.8 (0, 3.7) | 4.5 (2.9, 7.4) | 2.9 (1.8, 4.3) | −1.2 (−3.5, 1.1) | 1565 (983, 2620) | 2436 (1507, 3599) | 1.9 (0, 3.8) | 146.1 (92.1, 242.2) | 100.3 (62.5, 148.0) | −1.1 (−3.4, 1.3) |
| Tobacco | ||||||||||||
| Smoking | 19 (15, 24) | 50 (39, 60) | 5.4 (4.5, 6.3) | 2.0 (1.6, 2.5) | 2.2 (1.7, 2.7) | 0.3 (−0.7, 1.4) | 836 (649, 1038) | 2230 (1720, 2772) | 5.8 (4.8, 6.7) | 75.1 (58.4, 93.3) | 88.5 (68.5, 109.7) | 0.6 (−0.5, 1.7) |
| Second-hand smoke | 21 (8, 32) | 62 (24, 94) | 6.9 (4.5, 9.2) | 2.3 (0.9, 3.6) | 3.0 (1.1, 4.5) | 0.9 (−1.9, 3.7) | 843 (317, 1318) | 2604 (962, 4048) | 7.2 (4.7, 9.7) | 77.9 (29.4, 121.2) | 106.0 (39.5, 164.3) | 1.2 (−1.6, 4.0) |
| Dietary | ||||||||||||
| Diet low in fruits | 19 (13, 25) | 54 (37, 74) | 6.3 (4.8, 7.8) | 2.2 (1.5, 2.8) | 2.6 (1.8, 3.6) | 0.8 (−0.7, 2.3) | 800 (550, 1072) | 2317 (1552, 3207) | 6.5 (5.0, 8.1) | 73.6 (50.9, 98.7) | 95.0 (63.9, 131.2) | 1.0 (−0.6, 2.6) |
| Diet low in whole grains | 10 (3, 14) | 30 (10, 46) | 7.6 (5.1, 10.0) | 1.1 (0.4, 1.6) | 1.5 (0.5, 2.2) | 1.2 (−1.7, 4.0) | 394 (137, 602) | 1286 (450, 1992) | 7.8 (5.3, 10.3) | 36.9 (13.1, 56.2) | 52.6 (18.2, 81.0) | 1.5 (−1.4, 4.3) |
| Diet high in red meat | 4 (1, 7) | 15 (5, 24) | 9.5 (7.3, 11.8) | 0.5 (0.1, 0.7) | 0.7 (0.2, 1.1) | 1.9 (−1.1, 4.9) | 171 (54, 282) | 648 (215, 1050) | 9.6 (7.1, 12.0) | 15.8 (4.9, 26.0) | 26.0 (8.6, 42.1) | 2.2 (−0.7, 5.1) |
| Diet high in processed meat | 5 (3, 6) | 19 (13, 24) | 9.7 (8.6, 10.8) | 0.6 (0.4, 0.7) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.1) | 2.0 (0.7, 3.3) | 214 (141, 273) | 827 (551, 1068) | 9.9 (8.6, 11.1) | 19.7 (12.9, 25.3) | 33.2 (22.1, 42.9) | 2.4 (1.0, 3.8) |
| Diet high in sugar-sweetened beverages | 5 (4, 7) | 17 (11, 22) | 7.0 (5.1, 9.0) | 0.6 (0.5, 0.8) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.0) | 0.8 (−0.6, 2.2) | 210 (153, 267) | 694 (424, 957) | 8.0 (5.6, 10.3) | 19.8 (14.8, 25.0) | 28.2 (17.5, 38.5) | 1.5 (−0.2, 3.1) |
| Diet low in fibre | 8 (5, 12) | 21 (10, 33) | 5.2 (2.7, 7.7) | 1.0 (0.5, 1.4) | 1.0 (0.5, 1.6) | 0.2 (−2.2, 2.6) | 331 (168, 492) | 846 (384, 1323) | 5.4 (2.9, 7.9) | 30.9 (15.9, 45.7) | 35.0 (16.0, 54.6) | 0.4 (−2.0, 2.9) |
| Diet low in nuts and seeds | 5 (1, 9) | 15 (6, 26) | 7.2 (5.2, 9.3) | 0.5 (0.2, 1.1) | 0.7 (0.3, 1.3) | 1.1 (−2.0, 4.3) | 207 (63, 394) | 678 (256, 1208) | 7.8 (5.7, 9.9) | 19.1 (5.6, 36.7) | 27.6 (10.5, 49.2) | 1.5 (−1.5, 4.5) |
| Physical activity | ||||||||||||
| Low physical activity | 14 (6, 24) | 47 (23, 80) | 8.5 (6.5, 0.5) | 1.8 (0.9, 3.1) | 2.5 (1.3, 4.2) | 1.5 (−1.0, 4.0) | 452 (201, 845) | 1501 (694, 2690) | 8.0 (5.8, 10.2) | 47.4 (22.1, 86.6) | 68.1 (32.7, 119.9) | 1.5 (−1.1, 4.1) |
| UMICs | ||||||||||||
| All factors | 195 (185, 207) | 492 (452, 529) | 5.3 (4.9, 5.7) | 14.5 (13.6, 15.4) | 15.5 (14.2, 16.7) | 0.2 (−0.1, 0.6) | 9244 (7760, 10,940) | 23,228 (19,229, 28,120) | 5.2 (4.4, 6.1) | 589.0 (496.8, 696.7) | 684.4 (566.8, 825.6) | 0.6 (−0.3, 1.4) |
| Metabolic factors | ||||||||||||
| High BMI | 73 (47, 102) | 227 (159, 300) | 7.3 (6.4, 8.1) | 4.9 (3.1, 7.1) | 6.8 (4.7, 9.1) | 1.3 (−0.2, 2.9) | 3712 (2309, 5457) | 12,654 (8594, 17,371) | 8.3 (7.4, 9.2) | 225.3 (138.5, 331.6) | 366 (249.6, 502.2) | 2.2 (0.7, 3.6) |
| Environmental factors | ||||||||||||
| Ambient particulate matter pollution | 20 (13, 29) | 79 (56, 102) | 10.1 (9.7, 10.5) | 1.5 (1.0, 2.1) | 2.5 (1.8, 3.2) | 2.2 (1.0, 3.5) | 915 (560, 1346) | 3814 (2623, 5204) | 10.9 (10.5, 11.4) | 58.9 (36.4, 86.0) | 111.9 (77.0, 152.7) | 3.1 (1.8, 4.4) |
| Household air pollution from solid fuels | 22 (14, 32) | 16 (8, 27) | −0.9 (−3.1, 1.3) | 1.6 (1.0, 2.3) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.8) | −2.4 (−4.7, −0.1) | 1081 (678, 1602) | 737 (362, 1266) | −1.1 (−3.5, 1.3) | 68.8 (43.4, 101.6) | 21.6 (10.6, 37.0) | −2.4 (−4.8, 0.1) |
| Tobacco | ||||||||||||
| Smoking | 24 (20, 28) | 45 (36, 55) | 3.1 (2.2, 4.1) | 1.6 (1.4, 1.9) | 1.4 (1.1, 1.6) | −0.6 (−1.5, 0.3) | 1274 (1004, 1587) | 2619 (1967, 3304) | 3.6 (2.5, 4.8) | 78.5 (61.8, 97.4) | 75.1 (56.4, 94.6) | −0.1 (−1.3, 1.0) |
| Second-hand smoke | 22 (9, 33) | 44 (18, 68) | 3.5 (1.0, 6.0) | 1.6 (0.6, 2.5) | 1.4 (0.5, 2.1) | −0.5 (−3.5, 2.5) | 1044 (398, 1637) | 2222 (826, 3547) | 3.9 (1.2, 6.5) | 66.5 (25.4, 103.9) | 64.8 (24.1, 103.6) | −0.1 (−3.1, 2.9) |
| Dietary | ||||||||||||
| Diet low in fruits | 11 (6, 16) | 18 (8, 31) | 2.3 (−0.5, 5.1) | 0.8 (0.4, 1.2) | 0.6 (0.2, 1.0) | −1.0 (−3.5, 1.6) | 557 (311, 859) | 842 (364, 1523) | 1.8 (−1.0, 4.6) | 35.2 (19.6, 54.2) | 24.9 (10.8, 45.0) | −1.0 (−3.7, 1.7) |
| Diet low in whole grains | 10 (4, 15) | 25 (9, 37) | 4.9 (2.3, 7.5) | 0.8 (0.3, 1.1) | 0.8 (0.3, 1.2) | 0.1 (−2.9, 3.0) | 480 (170, 748) | 1190 (412, 1887) | 5.1 (2.4, 7.8) | 30.8 (11.0, 47.8) | 34.9 (12.1, 55.4) | 0.5 (−2.5, 3.5) |
| Diet high in red meat | 13 (6, 18) | 40 (24, 56) | 7.4 (6.5, 8.4) | 0.9 (0.5, 1.3) | 1.3 (0.7, 1.8) | 1.2 (−0.7, 3.1) | 638 (333, 950) | 2081 (1276, 2958) | 7.8 (6.8, 8.8) | 40.2 (20.9, 60.1) | 60.7 (37.1, 86.3) | 1.8 (−0.1, 3.6) |
| Diet high in processed meat | 7 (4, 8) | 20 (12, 24) | 6.5 (5.0, 8.1) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.6) | 0.6 (0.4, 0.8) | 0.8 (−0.8, 2.4) | 347 (215, 461) | 1033 (597, 1389) | 6.8 (5.0, 8.6) | 22.0 (13.7, 29.2) | 30.1 (17.4, 40.6) | 1.3 (−0.5, 3.1) |
| Diet high in sugar-sweetened beverages | 7 (5, 9) | 18 (11, 24) | 5.4 (3.5, 7.4) | 0.5 (0.4, 0.7) | 0.6 (0.3, 0.8) | 0.3 (−1.3, 2.0) | 340 (235, 449) | 872 (512, 1221) | 5.4 (3.3, 7.5) | 21.6 (14.9, 28.5) | 25.7 (15.1, 35.9) | 0.6 (−1.1, 2.4) |
| Diet low in fibre | 5 (2, 9) | 10 (4, 17) | 3.1 (0.4, 5.8) | 0.4 (0.2, 0.7) | 0.3 (0.1, 0.5) | −0.7 (−3.7, 2.3) | 274 (115, 442) | 497 (190, 833) | 2.8 (0, 5.6) | 17.5 (7.3, 28.1) | 14.7 (5.6, 24.7) | −0.5 (−3.6, 2.5) |
| Diet low in nuts and seeds | 4 (1, 8) | 9 (2, 18) | 3.7 (0.2, 7.3) | 0.3 (0.1, 0.6) | 0.3 (0.1, 0.6) | −0.4 (−4.6, 3.7) | 200 (34, 423) | 397 (66, 844) | 3.4 (−0.3, 7.0) | 12.9 (2.2, 27.2) | 11.7 (2.0, 24.9) | −0.3 (−4.5, 3.9) |
| Physical activity | ||||||||||||
| Low physical activity | 17 (9, 28) | 47 (24, 75) | 6.2 (4.2, 8.2) | 1.4 (0.7, 2.2) | 1.5 (0.8, 2.5) | 0.4 (−2.0, 2.9) | 638 (303, 1102) | 1749 (870, 3010) | 6.0 (3.9, 8.2) | 43.7 (21.4, 75.0) | 52.7 (26.3, 89.9) | 0.7 (−1.9, 3.3) |
| HICs | ||||||||||||
| All factors | 165 (155, 171) | 242 (217, 256) | 1.6 (1.2, 2.0) | 12.7 (11.9, 13.2) | 9.7 (8.8, 10.2) | −0.8 (−1.1, −0.5) | 6407 (5343, 7626) | 12,403 (9723, 15,525) | 3.2 (2.1, 4.3) | 508.3 (422.6, 607.0) | 601.7 (467.5, 753.6) | 0.6 (−0.4, 1.7) |
| Metabolic factors | ||||||||||||
| High BMI | 68 (44, 93) | 109 (75, 147) | 2.1 (0.6, 3.5) | 5.3 (3.4, 7.2) | 4.7 (3.4, 6.2) | −0.4 (−2.0, 1.3) | 3237 (2146, 4489) | 7260 (5018, 10,010) | 4.3 (3.0, 5.6) | 262.2 (174.3, 361.8) | 375.3 (258.2, 516.2) | 1.5 (0, 3.0) |
| Environmental factors | ||||||||||||
| Ambient particulate matter pollution | 23 (13, 33) | 26 (16, 37) | 0.4 (−1.5, 2.3) | 1.7 (1.0, 2.5) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.5) | −1.4 (−3.7, 0.8) | 868 (504, 1290) | 1291 (762, 1996) | 1.7 (−0.3, 3.7) | 68.8 (39.9, 102.5) | 63.0 (36.8, 97.5) | −0.3 (−2.5, 1.9) |
| Household air pollution from solid fuels | 2 (1, 3) | 0 (0, 1) | −2.5 (−5.7, 0.7) | 0.1 (0.1, 0.2) | 0 (0, 0) | −2.9 (−6.3, 0.4) | 62 (32, 107) | 21 (6, 50) | −2.3 (−5.5, 1.0) | 5.0 (2.5, 8.6) | 1.0 (0.3, 2.4) | −2.7 (−6.1, 0.6) |
| Tobacco | ||||||||||||
| Smoking | 22 (18, 26) | 21 (17, 27) | −0.1 (−1.1, 1.0) | 1.7 (1.4, 2.0) | 0.9 (0.8, 1.2) | −1.5 (−2.6, −0.4) | 1067 (809, 1377) | 1489 (1068, 1974) | 1.4 (0, 2.7) | 86.4 (65.4, 111.7) | 76.2 (54.5, 101.1) | 0 (−3.1, 3.1) |
| Second-hand smoke | 10 (4, 16) | 12 (4, 18) | 0.6 (−2.3, 3.5) | 0.8 (0.3, 1.2) | 0.5 (0.2, 0.8) | −1.3 (−4.5, 2.0) | 471 (172, 759) | 741 (261, 1239) | 2.0 (−0.9, 4.9) | 38.3 (14.1, 61.9) | 38.1 (13.5, 63.8) | −0.4 (−1.8, 1.0) |
| Dietary | ||||||||||||
| Diet low in fruits | 8 (3, 12) | 10 (4, 16) | 0.9 (−1.9, 3.7) | 0.6 (0.3, 0.9) | 0.4 (0.2, 0.7) | −1.2 (−4.2, 1.9) | 306 (143, 515) | 519 (226, 940) | 2.4 (−0.3, 5.1) | 24.5 (11.5, 41.3) | 25.7 (11.2, 46.4) | 0.2 (−2.7, 3.0) |
| Diet low in whole grains | 9 (3, 13) | 13 (5, 19) | 1.6 (−1.2, 4.4) | 0.7 (0.2, 1.0) | 0.5 (0.2, 0.8) | −0.8 (−4.0, 2.3) | 336 (117, 524) | 651 (209, 1056) | 3.2 (0.3, 6.2) | 26.6 (9.2, 41.6) | 31.4 (10.1, 51.2) | 0.6 (−2.5, 3.7) |
| Diet high in red meat | 16 (11, 22) | 24 (16, 32) | 1.6 (0, 3.1) | 1.3 (0.9, 1.7) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.3) | −0.8 (−2.5, 0.9) | 670 (446, 931) | 1292 (825, 1864) | 3.2 (1.5, 4.9) | 53.4 (35.4, 74.1) | 63.6 (40.5, 91.7) | 0.7 (−1.1, 2.4) |
| Diet high in processed meat | 20 (15, 25) | 30 (21, 38) | 1.6 (0.4, 2.9) | 1.6 (1.1, 1.9) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.5) | −0.8 (−2.2, 0.6) | 822 (557, 1099) | 1660 (1090, 2302) | 3.5 (1.9, 5.1) | 65.3 (44.2, 87.4) | 80.8 (52.6, 112.9) | 0.8 (−0.8, 2.5) |
| Diet high in sugar-sweetened beverages | 6 (3, 9) | 12 (6, 16) | 2.8 (0.9, 4.6) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.7) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.7) | −0.1 (−2.3, 2.0) | 270 (140, 386) | 681 (358, 1002) | 5.3 (3.3, 7.2) | 21.7 (11.3, 30.9) | 34.6 (18.5, 51.3) | 2.1 (0, 4.1) |
| Diet low in fibre | 6 (2, 9) | 8 (3, 12) | 1.2 (−1.6, 4.0) | 0.4 (0.2, 0.7) | 0.3 (0.1, 0.5) | −1.1 (−4.2, 2.1) | 207 (79, 343) | 364 (133, 620) | 2.6 (−0.2, 5.4) | 16.4 (6.3, 27.3) | 17.5 (6.3, 29.9) | 0.2 (−2.9, 3.3) |
| Diet low in nuts and seeds | 3 (1, 7) | 4 (1, 8) | 0.7 (−3.1, 4.6) | 0.2 (0.1, 0.5) | 0.1 (0, 0.3) | −1.4 (−5.8, 3.0) | 116 (24, 242) | 189 (37, 396) | 2.1 (−1.5, 5.8) | 9.2 (1.9, 19.1) | 9.0 (1.7, 18.9) | −0.1 (−4.1, 4.0) |
| Physical activity | ||||||||||||
| Low physical activity | 18 (9, 29) | 27 (14, 44) | 1.9 (−0.5, 4.2) | 1.4 (0.7, 2.3) | 1.0 (0.5, 1.7) | −0.8 (−3.6, 1.9) | 571 (258, 1025) | 1146 (539, 2037) | 3.5 (1.0, 5.9) | 44.7 (20.1, 81.4) | 53.6 (24.8, 98.2) | 0.7 (−2.1, 3.5) |