TABLE 2.

Concomitant pain medication use per patient

Patient #	Concomitant long-acting opioid medications	Concomitant breakthrough/as-needed opioid medications	Concomitant nonopioid pain medications	Use of breakthrough medication during study visits
1	Morphine extended-release 30 mg every 8 h	Morphine immediate release 7.5 mg every 6 h	Pregabalin 50 mg every 8 h	Did not need to take breakthrough pain medications during any of the study visits
2	Methadone 10 mg every 8 h	Morphine immediate release 20 mg every 6 h	Gabapentin 300 mg every 8 h	Took morphine on visit 3 (30 mg intranasal ketamine), at 235 min (5 min prior to discharge), which was the usual interval
3	Fentanyl patch 50 mcg/h	Oxycodone 10 mg every 6 h	Duloxetine 60 mg per day, gabapentin 300 mg every 8 h, cyclobenzaprine every 8 h as needed	Did not need to take breakthrough pain medications during any of the study visits
4	Oxycodone extended-release 80 mg every 12 h	Oxycodone 20 mg every 6 h	Gabapentin 400 mg every 8 h, turmeric 500 mg every 12 h	Did not need to take breakthrough pain medications during any of the study visits
5	Oxycodone extended-release 20 mg every 12 h	Oxycodone 20 mg every 6 h	Venlafaxine extended-release 75 mg per day, turmeric 500 mg every 12 h	Did not need to take breakthrough pain medications during any of the study visits
6	Fentanyl 125 mcg/h	Hydromorphone 8–12 mg every 4 h	Pregabalin 50 mg every 8 h, duloxetine 60 mg per day, 5% lidocaine patch	Did not need to take breakthrough pain medications during any of the study visits
7	Oxycodone extended-release 60 mg every 12 h	Oxycodone 30 mg every 4 h	Pregabalin 300 mg every 12 h, celebrex 200 mg every day, acetaminophen 1000 mg every 8 h as needed	Did not need to take breakthrough pain medications during any of the study visits
8	Oxycodone extended-release 30 mg every 12 h	Oxycodone 10 mg every 4 h	Acetaminophen 325 every 6 h when necessary, voltaren gel, Duloxetine 60 mg daily, lidocaine cream	Took oxycodone at visit 1 (10-mg intranasal ketamine) at longer than usual interval, but at 41 min after study drug administration. Also, took oxycodone at visit 3 (30 mg intranasal ketamine), at longer than usual interval, 232 min after study drug administration
9	Fentanyl 75 mcg/h	Hydromorphone 4 mg every 4 h	Pregabalin 75 mg every 12 h, venlafaxine 150 mg every day, tizanidine 4 mg every 12 h as needed, naproxen 500 mg every 12 h as needed	Took hydromorphone on visit 1 (10-mg intranasal ketamine) at longer than usual interval but at 15 min after study medication
10	Methadone 10 mg every 8 h	Hydromorphone 4mg every 4 h	Escitalopram 20 mg every day	Did not need to take breakthrough pain medications during any of the study visits

Notes: All patients who took as needed pain medications during visit 1 (10 mg intranasal ketamine) had ≤20% pain relief with the study medication during that visit. All patients who took as needed pain medications during visit 3 (30 mg intranasal ketamine) took it towards the end of the study visit, at much longer than their usual as-needed medication times. None of the patients needed to take breakthrough medication during the study visit with the 50 mg intranasal ketamine dosage.