Figure 1.

Effects of stress response processes on evaluation of level of threat, interaction of sympathetic nervous system (SNS), and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis with tumor cells and cells in the tumor microenvironment, and ultimate effects on tumor progression and the clinical course of cancer.

Source: Figure originally published in Green McDonald P, O’Connell M, Lutgendorf SK. Psychoneuroimmunology and cancer: a decade of discovery, paradigm shifts, and methodological innovations. Brain Behav Immun. 2013;30:S1-S9. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2013.01.003. ¹⁶⁴