. 2022 May 13;8(5):e09394. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09394

Table 2.

Represent different techniques used for the assessment of liposome parameters.

Liposomes characteristics	Characterization technique	References
Average particle size	Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and microscope technology: Scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM/TEM), cryogenic-TEM (Cryo-TEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM)	[179, 180]
Zeta potential/Surface charge	Electrophoretic mobility, DLS	[181]
Particle shape/morphology	TEM, Cryo-TEM, and AFM	[182]
Lamellarity	Cryo-TEM and ³¹P-NMR	[182]
Phase behavior	X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)	[183, 184]
Encapsulation efficiency/Drug release	Centrifugation, dialysis followed by drug content determination using chromatographic and/or spectrophotometric methods	[185, 186]