Table 1.
Weighted characteristics of the participants based on serum total alkaline phosphatase quartiles
| Serum T-ALP (IU/L) | Total | Q1(7–50) | Q2(51–60) | Q3(61–74) | Q4(75–326) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 29.94 ± 6.03 | 29.99 ± 6.02 | 30.10 ± 5.93 | 29.56 ± 6.09 | 29.59 ± 6.13 | < 0.0210 |
| Sex (%) | < 0.0001 | |||||
| Male | 52.95 | 41.00 | 53.95 | 56.58 | 61.26 | |
| Female | 47.05 | 59.00 | 46.05 | 43.42 | 38.74 | |
| Race/ethnicity (%) | < 0.0001 | |||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 35.98 | 51.59 | 48.95 | 46.02 | 37.75 | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 20.31 | 19.39 | 18.15 | 15.30 | 16.72 | |
| Mexican American | 15.64 | 7.33 | 10.19 | 15.46 | 23.29 | |
| Other race/ethnicity | 28.07 | 21.69 | 22.70 | 23.21 | 22.24 | |
| Level of education (%) | < 0.0001 | |||||
| Less than high school | 16.41 | 9.25 | 13.54 | 16.23 | 21.25 | |
| High school | 21.18 | 17.65 | 18.70 | 21.75 | 24.43 | |
| More than high school | 62.41 | 73.10 | 67.76 | 62.02 | 54.31 | |
| Income to poverty ratio | 2.30 ± 1.55 | 2.74 ± 1.59 | 2.52 ± 1.57 | 2.36 ± 1.55 | 2.16 ± 1.51 | < 0.0001 |
| Smoking behavior (%) | 0.0018 | |||||
| Every day | 11.96 | 8.91 | 11.02 | 12.72 | 13.41 | |
| Some days | 4.22 | 3.42 | 4.78 | 4.70 | 3.89 | |
| Not at all | 9.59 | 10.27 | 10.83 | 10.74 | 9.61 | |
| Not recorded | 74.24 | 77.40 | 73.37 | 71.84 | 73.09 | |
| Alcohol consumption (%) | 0.0641 | |||||
| High alcohol use | 7.80 | 6.46 | 7.76 | 7.49 | 8.87 | |
| None/moderate alcohol use | 49.50 | 50.64 | 51.84 | 51.83 | 47.82 | |
| Not recorded | 42.69 | 42.90 | 40.40 | 40.67 | 43.31 | |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 95.28 ± 17.05 | 90.17 ± 15.73 | 94.01 ± 15.60 | 96.52 ± 16.74 | 101.46 ± 18.00 | < 0.0001 |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) | 11.70 ± 3.87 | 11.72 ± 3.76 | 12.07 ± 3.71 | 11.82 ± 3.69 | 11.65 ± 4.13 | 0.0146 |
| Serum uric acid (mg/dL) | 5.35 ± 1.37 | 5.03 ± 1.37 | 5.30 ± 1.36 | 5.43 ± 1.30 | 5.66 ± 1.33 | < 0.0001 |
| Total protein (g/dL) | 7.24 ± 0.44 | 7.15 ± 0.43 | 7.19 ± 0.42 | 7.24 ± 0.44 | 7.28 ± 0.42 | < 0.0001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 183.44 ± 37.34 | 178.50 ± 35.03 | 181.60 ± 36.61 | 182.92 ± 35.53 | 188.48 ± 39.68 | < 0.0001 |
| Serum phosphorus (mg/dL) | 3.77 ± 0.57 | 3.82 ± 0.56 | 3.75 ± 0.54 | 3.77 ± 0.59 | 3.76 ± 0.61 | 0.0061 |
| Serum calcium (mg/dL) | 9.41 ± 0.33 | 9.37 ± 0.32 | 9.41 ± 0.31 | 9.43 ± 0.34 | 9.43 ± 0.33 | < 0.0001 |
| Calcium supplementation (mg/d) | 378.82 ± 139.01 | 376.48 ± 114.52 | 377.29 ± 165.36 | 375.86 ± 119.25 | 381.71 ± 143.27 | 0.6294 |
| Lumbar BMD (g/cm2) | 1.05 ± 0.14 | 1.07 ± 0.14 | 1.06 ± 0.15 | 1.04 ± 0.14 | 1.01 ± 0.14 | < 0.0001 |
Mean ± SD for continuous variables: the P value was calculated by the weighted linear regression model
Percent (%) for categorical variables: the P value was calculated by the weighted chi-square test.
Abbreviation: serum T-ALP serum Total Alkaline Phosphatase, BMD Bone Mineral Density