Table 1.
Characteristics of the study participants at the baselinea
| Characteristics | Female (n = 290) | Male (n = 136) |
|---|---|---|
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 62.7 (4.4) | 65.7 (6.7) |
| BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 23.1 (3.0) | 24.2 (3.3) |
| Weight group, n (%) | ||
| Lean | 9 (3.1) | 5 (3.7) |
| Normal | 172 (59.3) | 55 (40.4) |
| Overweight | 92 (31.7) | 60 (44.1) |
| Obesity | 17 (5.9) | 16 (11.8) |
| Adiposity (overweight or obesity), n (%) | 102 (35.2) | 75 (55.1) |
| Weight change pattern, n (%) | ||
| Stable normal | 154 (56) | 51 (39.2) |
| Normal to adiposity | 19 (6.9) | 4 (3.1) |
| Adiposity to normal | 12 (4.4) | 9 (6.9) |
| Stable adiposity | 90 (32.7) | 66 (50.8) |
| Waist circumference, cm, mean (SD) | 84.4 (8.6) | 87.1 (9.0) |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 0 (0) | 31 (22.8) |
| Current alcohol drinker, n (%) | 8 (2.8) | 27 (19.9) |
| Education, n (%) | ||
| Middle school or lower | 70 (24.1) | 30 (22.1) |
| High school or professional college | 152 (52.4) | 52 (38.2) |
| University | 68 (23.4) | 54 (39.7) |
| Income level, n (%) | ||
| Extremely low (≤500 ¥/month) | 2 (0.7) | 3 (2.2) |
| Low (501–1500 ¥/month) | 66 (22.8) | 24 (17.6) |
| Middle (1501–3000 ¥/month) | 179 (61.7) | 94 (69.1) |
| High (>3000 ¥/month) | 43 (14.8) | 15 (11.0) |
| Fasting insulin, μU/mL, median (Q1, Q3) | 6.6 (4.6, 9.6) | 6.7 (4.2, 9.6) |
| HOMA-IR, median (Q1, Q3) | 1.5 (1.0, 2.2) | 1.5 (1.0, 2.2) |
| HbA1c, %, mean (SD) | 5.6 (0.4) | 5.7 (0.5) |
| Fasting glucose, mmol/L, median (Q1, Q3) | 5.1 (4.8, 5.5) | 5.1 (4.7, 5.5) |
| Physical activity, MET, mean (SD) | 41.5 (14.1) | 39.2 (12.6) |
| Total energy intake, kcal/day, mean (SD) | 1709.7 (454.2) | 1868.9 (454.2) |
| Vegetable intake, g/day, median (Q1, Q3) | 366.9 (264.2, 492.4) | 328.3 (246.9, 478.4) |
| Fruit intake, g/day, median (Q1, Q3) | 144.0 (85.1, 218.4) | 103.6 (57.4, 167.5) |
| Fish intake, g/day, median (Q1, Q3) | 42.9 (23.9, 68.0) | 39.0 (23.8, 64.6) |
| Red and processed meat intake, g/day, median (Q1, Q3) | 76.6 (50.9, 107.7) | 76.9 (53.0, 108.9) |
| Dairy intake, g/day, median (Q1, Q3) | 16.61 (7.20, 27.51) | 9.87 (2.25, 21.08) |
| Years of follow-up | 3.2 (0.3) | 3.1 (0.3) |
aData are expressed as mean (SD) and median (Q1, Q3) for continuous variables with normal and skewed distribution, respectively, and as frequency (percentage) for categorical variables
SD standard deviation, Q1 quartile 1, Q3 quartile3, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, HbA1c hemoglobin A1c, MET metabolic equivalent for task