Fig. 1.

Construction and histopathological characterizations of GC PDOs. A Schematic overview of GC PDOs isolation, culture and histopathological analysis. B Number of passages and freeze-thaw status of GC PDOs derived from ten patients (numbered GC1 to GC10). Each block indicates one passage or a freeze-thaw cycle. For example, GC1 PDOs were passaged more than ten times and successfully thawed after freezing at passage 12, whereas GC9 PDOs stopped growing at passage 2. C Representative bright-field images of GC4 PDOs showing their morphological features during isolation, culture and passage. Scale bar, 100 μm. D Representative bright-field images and HE staining images of GC PDOs and the primary tumors from which they were derived. These tumors (GC5, GC2, and GC3) represent three histological subtypes. Scale bar, 50 μm. E Representative images showing IHC staining and AB staining of GC3 PDOs and the primary tumor. Scale bar, 30 μm.