Table 1.
Characteristics of Patients Undergoing Outpatient COVID-19 by Receipt of Antibiotics Among All SARS-CoV-2 Testing Encounters
| Variable | Overall, (N=21,566), No. (%)a | Did not receive antibiotics, (N=20,185), No. (%)a | Received antibiotics, (N=1,381), No. (%)a | P Value b |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of unique patients | 15,113 | 13,755 | 1,358 | |
| SARS-CoV-2 test result | <.001 | |||
| Negative | 20,129 (93) | 18,803 (93.4) | 1,326 (6.6) | |
| Positive | 1,437 (6.7) | 1,382 (96.2) | 55 (3.8) | |
| Age, mean y (SD) | 53 (14) | 54 (14) | 48 (16) | <.001 |
| Race | <.001 | |||
| White | 1,637 (7.6) | 1,478 (90.3) | 159 (9.7) | |
| Black or African American | 17,749 (82) | 16,649 (93.8) | 1,100 (6.2)* | |
| Hispanic | 1,507 (7.0) | 1,424 (94.5) | 83 (5.5) | |
| Other | 508 (2.4) | 478 (94.1) | 30 (5.9) | |
| Missing or refused | 165 (0.8) | 156 (94.5) | 9 (5) | |
| Language | .013 | |||
| English | 19,828 (92) | 18,532 (93.5) | 1,296 (6.5) | |
| Spanish | 1,250 (5.8) | 1,181 (94.5) | 69 (5.5) | |
| All others | 439 (2.0) | 424 (96.6) | 15 (3.4) | |
| Missing or unknown | 49 (0.2) | 48 (98.0) | 1 (2.0) | |
| HIV status c | 2,495 (12) | 2,351 (94.2) | 144 (5.8) | .284 |
| Characteristics of prescription | ||||
| Time between SARS-CoV-2 test and receipt of any prescription, mean d (absolute value) (SD) | 2.78 (2.34) | 2.85 (2.50) | 2.66 (2.00) | .7467 |
| Characteristics of clinic visit | ||||
| Had an outpatient clinic visit within 7 d of SARS-CoV-2 test | 7,378 (34.2) | 6,657 (90.2) | 721 (9.8) | <.001 |
| Time between test and visit, (absolute value), mean d (SD) | 2.20 (2.44) | 2.22 (2.45) | 1.98 (2.39) | .020 |
| Payment methodd | <.001 | |||
| Private insurance | 2,353 (15) | 2,181 (92.7) | 172 (7.3) | |
| Medicaid and Medicare | 7,494 (48) | 7,076 (94.4) | 418 (5.6)** | |
| Self-pay | 5,876 (37) | 5,493 (93.5) | 383 (6.5) | |
Note. HIV, human immunodeficiency virus.
Statistical tests performed as indicated: 2-sample test for equality of proportions, χ 2 test of independence, Fisher exact test, and Wilcoxon rank-sum test.
Participants were considered HIV-positive if they had any CD4 testing performed at the GHS outpatient HIV clinic or if they had a CD4 count < 200 at any other GHS clinic site.
Payment data available only for COVID-19 tests with associated outpatient visits.
* P < .001. Comparison of the proportion of white vs black or African-American patients who received antibiotics: 2-sample test for equality of proportions with continuity correction.
** P = .025. Comparison of the proportion of patients with private insurance vs self-paying patients who received antibiotics: 2-sample test for equality of proportions with continuity correction.