TABLE 1.
Summary of nSES indices identified
| Index/Author a (variable selection method) | Domains | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Income | Education | Employment | Housing | Transportation | Family structure | Demographic | Other | |
| Area deprivation index 131 (factor analysis) |
(1) median family income; (2) income disparity; (3) % families below the poverty level; (4) % population <150% of the poverty threshold |
(1) population aged >25 years with <9 years of education; (2) population aged >25 years with at least a high school diploma |
(1) employed persons aged >16 years in white collar occupations; (2) civilian labor force population aged >16 years unemployed |
(1) median home value; (2) median gross rent; (3) median monthly mortgage; (4) owner occupied housing units; (5) % households with more than one person per room |
(1) % households without a motor vehicle | (1) % single‐parent households with children aged <18 years | — | — |
| Banegas index 29 (a priori) |
(1) household income; (2) poverty |
(1) education |
(1) occupation; (2) unemployment |
(1) rent; (2) house values |
— | — | — | — |
| Beyer index 97 (a priori) | (1) median household income | (1) proportion without a high school diploma | (1) proportion unemployed | — | — | — | — | — |
| Concentrated affluence 43 (a priori) | (1) % families with incomes above $75,000 (2000 Census period) or $50,000 (1990 Census period) | (1) % adults with college education | (1) % civilian labor force employed in professional/ managerial occupations | — | — | — | — | — |
|
Concentrated disadvantage (2 variables) 30 (PCA) b |
(1) % below the poverty line | — | (1) % unemployed | — | — | — | — | — |
| Concentrated disadvantage (6 variables) 132 (PCA) c |
(1) % below the poverty line; (2) % receiving public assistance income |
— | (1) % unemployed | — | — | (1) % female‐headed families |
(1) % aged <18 years; (2) % Black |
— |
| Coogan index 133 (PCA + factor analysis) |
(1) median household income; (2) % households receiving interest, dividend or net rental income |
(1) % adults aged ≥25 years that have completed college | (1) % employed persons aged ≥16 years that are in occupations classified as managerial, executive, or professional specialty | (1) median housing value | — | (1) % families with children not headed by single female | — | — |
| Diez‐Roux index 134 (factor analysis) |
(1) log of median household income; (2) % households receiving net rental, interest or dividend income |
(1) % aged ≥25 years who completed high school and who completed college | (1) % employed aged ≥16 years in professional and managerial occupations | (1) log of median value of owner‐occupied housing units | — | — | — | — |
| Doubeni index 86 (PCA) |
(1) % below 1999 federal poverty levels; (2) % on public assistance; (3) % annual income of <$30,000 |
(1) % less than high school education |
(1) % unemployed; (2) % men in managerial jobs; (3) % women in managerial jobs |
— | (1) % no car | (1) % headed by a female with dependent children | (1) % non‐Hispanic Black | — |
| Dubowitz index 135 (factor analysis) |
(1) % below the poverty line; (2) % receiving public assistance; (3) median household income |
(1) % aged ≥25 years with less than a high school education | (1) % male unemployment | — | — | (1) % households with children that are headed only by a female | — | — |
| ICE ‐ Income 136 , 137 | (1) (n of persons in high‐income households)—(n of persons in low—income households)/total population with household income data | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Johnson economic deprivation index 94 (factor analysis) |
(1) % below the poverty level; (2) % on public assistance |
— | — | — | — |
(1) % female head of house with children; (2) % married |
— | — |
| Lian index 88 (PCA) |
(1) % receiving public assistance; (2) % low income; (3) % income no less than 400% of the US median household income; (4) median household income in 1999; (5) % below federal poverty line |
(1) % less than a high school education; (2) % with a college degree |
(1) % unemployed males aged ≥20 years; (2) % unemployed females aged ≥20 years; (3) % white collar; (4) % with low social class |
(1) % households with ownership; (2) % vacant households; (3) % no less than 1 person per room; (4) median value of all owner‐occupied households; (5) % living in the same residence since 1995 |
(1) % households without a car | (1) % female‐headed households with dependent children |
(1) % non‐Hispanic Black; (2) % Hispanic; (3) % residents aged ≥65 years |
— |
| Material deprivation index 138 (a priori) | (1) % living below the poverty level | — | (1) % aged ≥16 years unemployed | (1) % living in a crowded residence (more than 1 person per room) | (1) % households with no vehicle available | — | — | (1) % households with no telephone available |
| Messer index 22 (PCA) |
(1) % poverty; (2) % on public assistance; (3) households earning $30,000 per year estimating poverty |
(1) % earning less than a high school education |
(1) % males in management/ professional occupations; (2) % unemployed |
(1) % crowded housing | — | (1) % female headed households with dependents | — | — |
|
Mojica index 38 (a priori) |
(1) population receiving public assistance | (1) % without a high school diploma | (1) male population aged ≥16 who are unemployed | — | — | (1) households with children headed by females | — | — |
| Neighborhood deprivation index 139 (PCA) |
(1) % with income below the 1999 poverty status; (2) % income <$30 000 per year (3) % on public assistance income |
(1) % did not graduate high school (age ≥25 years) | (1) % males and females who are unemployed;(2) % males in professional occupations |
(1) % housing units with ≥1 occupant per room; (2) % occupied housing units with renter/owner costs >50% of income; (3) median household value |
(1) % households with no car | (1) % female headed households with dependent children | — | — |
| Palmer index 39 (factor analysis) |
(1) median household income; (2) % households receiving interest, dividend, or net rental income |
(1) % aged ≥25 years that have completed college | (1) % employed aged ≥16 years that are in occupations classified as managerial, executive, or professional specialty | (1) median housing value | — | (1) % families with children not headed by a single female | — | — |
| Reitzel index 98 (a priori) | (1) % income below the poverty level in 1999 | (1) % aged ≥25 years with less than high school degree/GED | (1) % aged ≥16 years unemployed | — | (1) % households with no vehicle available for use | (1) % single parent households | — | — |
| Social deprivation index 140 (factor analysis) | (1) % in poverty | (1) % less than high school diploma | (1) % nonemployed |
(1) % crowding; (2) % renter‐occupied housing |
(1) % no car ownership | (1) % single parent households | — | — |
| Wheeler index 28 (weighted quantile sum regression) |
(1) median household income; (2) per capita income; (3) % households not on public assistance; (4) % families with children <18 years not in poverty; (5) Gini index of income equality |
(1) % aged ≥25 years with a bachelor's degree | — |
(1) % owner occupied housing; (2) % not vacant housing units; (3) median gross rent; (4) % households with mortgages |
— | — | (1) % White | — |
| Yang index 141 (PCA) |
(1) % above 200% poverty line; (2) median household income |
(1) Liu Education Index (% aged ≥25 years with college, high school and less than high school) |
(1) % persons with a blue collar job; (2) % persons employed |
(1) median rent; (2) median value of owner‐occupied housing units |
— | — | — | — |
| Yost index 44 (PCA d ) |
(1) median household income; (2) % below 200% of the poverty line |
(1) Liu Education Index (% aged ≥25 years with college, high school and less than high school) |
(1) proportion with a blue collar job; (2) % aged ≥16 years in the workforce without a job |
(1) median rent; (2) median house value |
— | — | — | — |
| Zhang index 90 (PCA) |
(1) % income below poverty; (2) % income <$22,500 (1990) or <$30,000 (2000); (3) % on public assistance |
(1) % with less than a high school education | (1) % unemployed | — | (1) % households without a car | — | — | — |
Indices that were created for use in one study only are named after the first author of the article in this table.
PCA, principal components analysis.
One paper utilized the six‐variable Concentrated Disadvantage Index but removed two of the variables (% households receiving public assistance income and % Black). 42
The ICE—Income Index is described above. Additional ICE indices include ICE—Race/Ethnicity (n of “White non‐Hispanic” persons)‐(n of “black non‐Hispanic” persons)/n of persons with race/ethnicity data and ICE—Income + Race/Ethnicity (n of “White non‐Hispanic” high‐income persons)−(n of “black alone” low income persons)/n of persons with race/ethnicity and household income data.