Table 7.
Top phenotyping feature sets by specificity, with a sensitivity of at least 0.60 for detecting admissions specifically for COVID-19. The table is grouped into feature sets involving potentially real-time data (laboratory tests) and all available data (presence of laboratory tests, medications, and diagnosis codes). Note that laboratory test results are not included in the feature sets. Ranges are shown in the summary statistics because multiple rules with similar performance were summarized using conjunctive normal form.
| Phenotyping feature set | Site | Sensitivity | Specificity | Prevalence (%) | |
| “Real-time” phenotypes (laboratory tests only) | |||||
|
|
CRPa AND (Total Bilirubin OR Ferritin OR LDHb) AND (Lymphocyte Count OR Neutrophil Count) AND Cardiac Troponin | D | 0.65-0.72 | 0.85 | 67-71 |
|
|
Ferritin AND LDH AND Cardiac Troponin AND (INRc OR PTTd OR Lymphocyte Count OR Neutrophil Count) | D | 0.62-0.69 | 0.85 | 67-71 |
|
|
CRP AND (LDH AND/OR Ferritin) AND Cardiac Troponin | A | 0.67-0.70 | 0.89-0.90 | 72-77 |
|
|
Procalcitonin OR D-dimer OR CRP OR Cardiac Troponin OR Ferritin | A | 0.63-0.87 | 0.73-0.85 | 65-85 |
|
|
Any 2 of: Procalcitonin, LDH, CRP | B | 0.56-0.58 | 0.67 | 63-67 |
|
|
D-dimer OR Ferritin OR CRP | C | 0.26-0.37 | 0.86-0.93 | 54-58 |
| “Retrospective” phenotypes (laboratory tests, medications, and diagnosis codes) | |||||
|
|
Total bilirubin AND (Ferritin OR LDH OR Lymphocyte Count OR Neutrophil Count) AND diagnosis of Other Viral Pneumonia (J12.89) | D | 0.62-0.64 | 0.92 | 46-48 |
|
|
Diagnosis of: Other Viral Pneumonia (J12.89) OR Acute Respiratory Failure with Hypoxia (J96.01) OR Anemia (D64.9) | D | 0.70-0.74 | 0.82-0.88 | 50-63 |
|
|
Diagnosis of: Other Viral Pneumonia (J12.89) OR Supplemental Oxygen (severe) | D | 0.75 | 0.82 | 61 |
|
|
CRP AND (LDH OR Ferritin) AND Cardiac Troponin | A | 0.70 | 0.89 | 74-77 |
|
|
Remdesivir OR Procalcitonin OR Other Viral Pneumonia (J12.89) OR Nonspecific Abnormal Lung Finding (R91.8) OR Shortness of Breath (R06.02) OR Other COVID Disease (J12.82) | A | 0.68-0.72 | 0.85-0.95 | 58-74 |
|
|
Hypoxemia (R09.02) OR Other Coronavirus as Cause of Disease (B97.29) OR Shortness of Breath (R06.02) OR Pneumonia (unspecified organism) (J18.9) OR Acute Respiratory Failure with Hypoxia (J96.01) OR Nonspecific Abnormal Lung Finding (R91.8) | B | 0.63-0.68 | 0.89-0.99 | 54-67 |
|
|
D-dimer OR ferritin OR CRP OR Other Viral Pneumonia (J12.89) OR Acute Respiratory Failure with Hypoxia (J96.01) | C | 0.71-0.75 | 0.79-0.86 | 52-58 |
aCRP: C-reactive protein.
bLDH: lactate dehydrogenase.
cINR: international normalized ratio.
dPTT: partial thromboplastin time.