Table 4.
PRE-POST COMPARISON OF PREDICTED AND OBSERVED RISK OF PRESSURE INJURY FOR RESIDENTS AT BASELINE AND INTERVENTION BY ARM (N = 992)
| Resident Characteristicsa | Baselineb | Interventionc | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arm 1 2 hd (n = 319) |
Arm 2 3 hd (n = 323) |
Arm 3 4 hd (n = 350) |
P/F Statistic or χ2 | Arm 1 2 hd (n = 319) |
Arm 2 3 hd (n = 323) |
Arm 3 4hrd (n = 350) |
P/F Statistic or χ2 | |
| First total Braden Scale score, mean (SD) | 18.40 (3.04) | 18.10 (2.62) | 18.21 (2.57) | .38/0.97e | 17.48 (3.39) | 17.34 (2.94) | 17.37 (3.02) | .84/0.18e |
| Mean difference in first total Braden Scale score by arms (CI)f | 1–2; 0.299 (−0.210, 0.808) |
2–3; −0.115 (−0.612, 0.382) |
1–3; 0.184 (−0.315, 0.683) |
1–2; 0.139 (−0.439, 0.717) |
2–3; −0.028 (−0.593, 0.537) |
1–3; 0.111 (−0.456, 0.678) |
||
| 19–23 (Low risk), n (%) | 167 (52.4) | 145 (44.9) | 176 (50.3) | .09/11.07g | 138 (43.3) | 109 (33.8) | 134 (38.3) | .003/20.01g |
| 15–18 (Mild risk), n (%) | 119 (37.3) | 149 (46.1) | 153 (43.7) | 110 (34.5) | 158 (48.9) | 150 (42.9) | ||
| 13–14 (Moderate risk), n (%) | 23 (7.2) | 23 (7.1) | 18 (5.1) | 44 (13.8) | 43 (13.3) | 36 (10.3) | ||
| 10–12 (High risk), n (%) | 10 (3.1) | 6 (1.9) | 3 (0.9) | 27 (8.5) | 13 (4.0) | 30 (8.6) | ||
| Mean total Braden Scale score, mean (SD) | 18.07 (2.77) | 17.73 (2.25) | 17.89 (2.51) | .23/1.45e | 17.53 (3.32) | 17.51 (2.79) | 17.25 (2.94) | .40/0.92e |
| Mean difference in mean total Braden Scale score by arms (CI)f | 1–2; 0.338 (−0.128, 0.804) |
2–3; −0.157 (−0.613, 0.298) |
1–3; 0.181 (−0.276, 0.638) |
1–2; 0.014 (−0.545, 0.574) |
2–3; 0.265 (−0.282, 0.812) |
1–3; 0.280 (−0.269, 0.828) |
||
| 19–23 (Low risk), n (%) | 135 (42.3) | 104 (32.2) | 132 (37.7) | .03/14.01g | 126 (39.5) | 111(34.4) | 113 (32.3) | .001/24.08 g |
| 15–18 (Mild risk), n (%) | 139 (43.6) | 181 (56.0) | 167 (47.7) | 118 (37.0) | 160 (49.5) | 163 (46.6) | ||
| 13–14 (Moderate risk), n (%) | 39 (12.2) | 37 (11.5) | 44 (12.6) | 52 (16.3) | 43 (13.3) | 40 (11.4) | ||
| 10–12 (High risk), n (%) | 6 (1.9) | 1 (0.3) | 7 (2.0) | 23 (7.2) | 9 (2.8) | 34 (9.7) | ||
| Pressure injury propensity score for sample during time periodh | 0.044 | 0.066 | 0.048 | <.001/17.81e | 0.044 | 0.063 | 0.045 | <.001/13.94e |
| Mean difference in pressure injury propensity score by arms (CI)f | 1–2; −0.023 (−0.032, −0.013) |
2–3; 0.019 (0.009, 0.028) | 1–3; −0.004 (−0.013, 0.005) |
1–2; −0.018 (−0.028, −0.009) |
2–3; 0.017 (0.008, 0.026) | 1–3; −0.001 (−0.010, 0.008) |
||
| Overall pressure injury incidence for 9 sites, n (%) | 52 (5.24) | 0 (0) | ||||||
| Pressure injury incidence by arm, n (%) | 13 (4.08) | 23 (7.12) | 16 (4.57) | .18/1.74g | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | Not applicablei |
| Mean difference in pressure injury incidence by arms (CI)f | 1–2; −3.046 (−7.174, 1.083) |
2–3; 2.549 (−1.486, 6.585) |
1–3; −0.496 (−4.545, 3.552) |
|||||
| Pressure injury incidence by mean total Braden Scale score category by arm | ||||||||
| 19–23 (Low risk), n (%) | 3 (2.2) | 3 (2.9) | 1 (0.8) | .47/5.62g | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | Not applicablei |
| 15–18 (Mild risk), n (%) | 6 (4.3) | 16 (8.8) | 11 (6.6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||
| 13–14 (Moderate risk), n (%) | 3 (7.7) | 4 (10.8) | 4 (9.1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||
| 10–12 (High risk), n (%) | 1 (16.7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||
Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval.
aPercentages may not sum to 100 because of rounding.
bBaseline values are for the 12-month period prior to the start of the intervention.
cIntervention values are for the 4-week intervention period.
dRepositioning interval for each intervention arm. Each arm included three nursing homes.
eAnalysis of variance used to test for differences among arms.
fMean difference displayed pairwise: arm “x” − arm “y”; value of actual pairwise mean difference; CI (a, b).
gχ2 Used to test for differences among arms.
hPropensity score derived from logistic regression with C-statistic = 0.762.
iTesting is not applicable to pressure injury incidence during the intervention because testing incidence of zero events is not possible.