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Production of d-lactate with the E. coli RR1 pta mutant grown initially under aerobic conditions. The dotted line indicates the time when the culture was shifted to anaerobic conditions. The experiment was performed in triplicate, and the standard deviations were less than 10%. Symbols: ○, cell dry weight; □, glucose concentration (intermittent feeding); ⧫, d-lactate concentration; ▴, succinate concentration.
