Fig. 1.

Schematic representation of the “β-oxidation shuttle” in mitochondria (A) and the “hydride transfer complex (HTC) cycle” in cytosol (B). In (A): The green arrows indicate the metabolic flux from fatty acids. The red arrows indicate the metabolic flux from glucose. The red blunt ends indicate the inhibition of a particular enzyme. The blue arrows indicate the malate-citrate shuttle. Phosphate/oxygen (P/O) ratio and oxygen consumption in the combustion of glucose and palmitate in the “β-oxidation shuttle” and other metabolic pathways are given on the right. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Abbreviations: ACLY: ATP citrate lyase; CIC: citrate-isocitrate carrier; CPT1 and CPT2: carnitine palmitoyl transferases 1 and 2; FAS – fatty acid synthesis; α-KG: α-ketoglutarate; MAS: malate-aspartate shuttle; ME1: malic enzyme 1; MPC: mitochondrial pyruvate carrier; NNT: NAD(P) transhydrogenase; OAA: oxaloacetate; PDK: pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase; PDH: pyruvate dehydrogenase; PC: pyruvate carboxylase; Succ: succinate.