Table 1.

Participant characteristics and training protocols.

		RST (n = 14)	HIIT120 (n = 14)	HIIT90 (n = 14)	MICT (n = 14)
Participant characteristics
Age (years)	Before	20.7 ± 1.7	19.9 ± 1.7	19.7 ± 1.0	20.7 ± 2.2
Height (cm)	Before	161.8 ± 5.5	163.0 ± 2.9	160.5 ± 6.3	159.4 ± 6.2
Body mass (kg)a	Before	67.1 ± 6.8	70.6 ± 10.2	67.4 ± 8.0	64.2 ± 8.4
	After	63.5 ± 5.6 c	68.6 ± 9.8 c	63.6 ± 6.8 c	63.5 ± 8.4
	Reduction (%)	−5.2 ± 3.2	−2.8 ± 2.9	−5.4 ± 5.4	−1.0 ± 2.6
V̇O2peak(ml.kg−1.min−1)b	Before	27.5 ± 3.4	26.0 ± 4.1	28.1 ± 2.6	29.0 ± 2.9
	After	33.8 ± 3.1 c	35.2 ± 5.1 c	36.6 ± 4.0 c	34.2 ± 3.6 c
	Increase (%)	23.9 ± 13.0	36.8 ± 16.7	30.8 ± 13.6	18.4 ± 10.5
Training protocols
Protocol	Effort	6 s	1 min	4 min	∕
	Effort intensity	all out	120% V̇O2peak	90% V̇O2peak	60% V̇O2peak
	Recovery	9 s	1.5 min	3 min	∕
Work (kJ)	Week 1–4	49 ± 4	200	200	200
	Week 5–8	57 ± 4	200	200	200
	Week 9–12	65 ± 6	200	200	200
	Week 1–12	57 ± 4	200	200	200
Exercise intensity (power output) (W)	Week 1–4	203 ± 18	157 ± 17	118 ± 12	55 ± 9
	Week 5–8	239 ± 17	189 ± 18	133 ± 13	61 ± 8
	Week 9–12	270 ± 25	200 ± 24	145 ± 14	64 ± 9
	Week 1–12	237 ± 18	182 ± 17	132 ± 12	60 ± 8
Exercise duration (min)	Week 1–4	4	21 ± 2	29 ± 3	62 ± 11
	Week 5–8	4	18 ± 2	25 ± 3	56 ± 7
	Week 9–12	4	17 ± 2	23 ± 2	53 ± 7
	Week 1–12	4	19 ± 2	26 ± 3	57 ± 8

V̇O_2peak, maximal oxygen consumption.

RST, repeated sprint training, 6-s all-out sprints interspersed with 9-s rest; HIIT₁₂₀, high-intensity interval training with short interval, 1-min effort at 120% V̇O_2peak followed by 1.5-min rest; HIIT₉₀, high-intensity interval training with long interval, 4-min effort at 90% V̇O_2peak followed by a 3-min rest; MICT, moderate-intensity continuous training, continuous cycling at 60% V̇O_2peak.

^aEffects of group, p = 0.276; time, p < 0.001; group × time, p = 0.013.

^bEffects of group, p = 0.473; time, p < 0.001; group × time, p = 0.006.

^cSignificantly different from corresponding level before intervention, p < 0.05.