Table 3.

Trait–environment relationships in urban wild bee and hoverfly assemblages (fourth-corner analysis)

Taxon	Functional trait		Urbanisation	Connectivity
Wild bees	Sociality	Eusocial	+*	-**
		Cleptoparasitic	-**
	Nesting	Endogeic	+*
		Cleptoparasitic	-**
	Diet	Polylectic	+**
		Cleptoparasitic	-**
	Body size		-*	+*
Hoverflies	Larval food type	Terrestrial saprophagous	+*
	Migratory status	Migrating	-***

Asterisks show positive (+) or negative (-) trait–environment relationships with P < 0.05. All relationships with 0.01 < P < 0.05 are shown with one asterisk (*), relationships with 0.001 < P < 0.01 are depicted with two asterisks (**), and relationships with P < 0.0001 are shown with three asterisks (***)