Table 8.

Recent studies on the performance of solar distillers using CuO nanomaterial

Ref	Nature	Solar still type	Material used	Results
Modi et al. (2021)	Experimental	Dual slope	0.1% CuO concentration	Use of CuO improved the yield by 58.25%
Kabeel et al. (2017b)	Experimental	Single slope	10 to 40% CuO concentration	Utilizing CuO nanoparticles boosted the distillate by 16% and 25% at CuO concentration of 10% and 40%, respectively
Gupta et al. (2016)	Experimental	Single slope	0.12% CuO concentration	Solar still with added nanoparticles produced 3445 ml/m2 per day at water depth of 5 cm
El-Gazar et al. (2021)	Experimental + Theoretical	Single slope	Al2O3 + CuO 0.025% for each	Enhancement in the still output yield reached 27.2% in summer and 21.7% in winter compared to reference still
Attia et al. (2021)	Experimental		CuO-water–based nanofluid	Daily yield reached 6.8 L/m2 with an improvement of 76.6% Water cost 0.0066 $/L