Figure 2.

Applying optimal strategies in precision nutrition requires detailed characterisation of the individual. The composition and functionality of the gut microbiota are influenced by many factors, including genetics, age, sex and environmental factors such as the mode of delivery, drug use, disease, geography, physical exercise and diet.¹⁹ The multidirectional interaction between the gut microbiota, host metabolism and diet is therefore complex and highly individualised. When developing more targeted dietary strategies for individuals A, B and C, the microbial and metabolic phenotypes (eg, tissue-specific insulin resistance), as well as characteristics of dietary components (including the balance between protein and carbohydrate (CHO)/fibre intake) should be well considered.