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. 2022 May 19;12:8355. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-12395-y

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Flow chart of study populations under non-universal and universal testing in Sweden and Norway. *The Swedish data of deliveries was linked to the Total population register and Education register at Statistics Sweden and the National Register for Communicable Disease (SmiNet at the Public Health Agency. The Norwegian data of deliveries was linked to information from the National population register, educational information from Statistics Norway, and the Norwegian Surveillance System for Communicable Diseases. ^#Non-universal testing mostly included symptomatic individuals, but it could also include individuals tested before and after travels, or after contact with other test-positive individuals and individuals subject to workplace testing. ^¤Universal testing of all women admitted to the delivery ward or for other medical reasons requiring in-patient care were tested, independent of COVID-19 symptoms or not, was conducted in 23 of the 39 delivery hospitals covered by the Swedish Pregnancy Register. ^∆As information on those with a negative test was not available for Swedish data, the comparison group in analysis of Swedish data included both those had been tested negative but also those not tested at all, i.e. non-positives. ^¥Not tested for SARS-CoV-2.