Table 1.
Summary statistics of characteristics and outcomes from the study participants, overall and categorized by weight and the insulin resistance status.
| Characteristic | Overall (n = 41) | Normal weight-insulin sensitive (n = 14) | Overweight-insulin sensitive (n = 16) | Overweight-insulin resistant (n = 11) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-Hispanic Caucasian | 51% | 64% | 63% | 18% |
| Male | 56% | 71% | 44% | 55% |
| Age (years) | 7.5 ± 1.3 | 7.0 ± 1.2 | 7.6 ± 1.3 | 7.9 ± 1.2 |
| Weight (kg) | 36.1 ± 12.4 | 24.8 ± 4.7 | 36.9 ± 9.1 | 49.4 ± 9.4 |
| Height (cm) | 130.6 ± 10.1 | 124.7 ± 9.1 | 131.2 ± 9.8 | 137.3 ± 7.5 |
| BMI | 20.6 ± 4.7 | 15.8 ± 1.0 | 21.1 ± 2.9 | 26.1 ± 3.3 |
| BMI z-score | 1.37 ± 1.04 | 0.15 ± 0.60 | 1.76 ± 0.46 | 2.36 ± 0.38 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 4.91 ± 0.48 | 4.88 ± 0.39 | 4.78 ± 0.47 | 5.12 ± 0.58 |
| Insulin (µU/mL) | 8.88 ± 8.50 | 3.77 ± 1.40 | 5.79 ± 2.37 | 19.89 ± 9.62 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.99 ± 2.07 | 0.82 ± 0.31 | 1.21 ± 0.46 | 4.60 ± 2.50 |
| Modeled clinical outcomesa,b | ||||
| Heart rate (bpm) | 75.2 (68.5, 81.9) | 76.6 (71.3, 82.0)A,B | 73.5 (69.3, 77.8)A | 81.9 (75.1, 88.8)B |
| Diastolic blood pressure z-score | 0.34 (−0.12, 0.80) | −0.05 (−0.45, 0.35)A | 0.23 (−0.09, 0.55)A | 0.81 (0.34, 1.29)B |
| Systolic blood pressure z-score | 1.01 (0.55, 1.48) | 0.29 (−0.11, 0.70)A | 0.83 (0.50, 1.15)A | 1.52 (1.04, 2.00)B |
| Low density lipoprotein (mmol/L) | 2.30 (1.81, 2.79) | 2.13 (1.74, 2.52)A | 2.32 (2.01, 2.62)A | 2.72 (2.22, 3.31)A |
| High density lipoprotein (mmol/L)d | 1.34 (1.16, 1.52) | 1.45 (1.30, 1.59)A | 1.36 (1.24, 1.47)A | 1.16 (0.98, 1.34)A |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 0.76 (0.51, 1.02) | 0.50 (0.30, 0.70)A | 0.82 (0.66, 0.98)B | 0.97 (0.71, 1.22)B |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.71 (3.18, 4.24) | 3.77 (3.35, 4.19) A | 3.8 (3.47, 4.14) A | 3.98 (3.44, 4.51) A |
| Glycerol (µmol/L) | 75.7 (53.4, 98) | 85.9 (68.2, 103.6)A | 92.3 (78.3, 106.2)A | 88.4 (65.7, 111)A |
| Lactate (mmol/L) | 2.29 (1.95, 2.62) | 1.94 (1.67, 2.21)A | 2.06 (1.85, 2.27)A | 2.67 (2.33, 3.02)B |
| NEFAc (mmol/L) | 0.08 (0.05, 0.11) | 0.10 (0.07, 0.12)A | 0.09 (0.08, 0.11)A | 0.07 (0.04, 0.1)A |
Characteristics are presented as percentages of N (or n) or as means ± standard deviations. Clinical outcomes are presented as means and 95% confidence intervals.
aMeans (95% CIs) were estimated from the regression model, and assumed 51% white/non-Hispanic, 56% male, and 7.5 years of age for all groups including Overall; the assumed BMI z-score and HOMA-IR were the means for the respective groups.
bGroups sharing the same letter (A or B) were not different at the 0.05/3 = 0.017 significance level.
cNEFA—Non-esterified fatty acids.
dWhen including the extreme participant, the O-IR mean of high-density lipids was significantly lower than the N-IS mean.