Table 2.
Associations Between Each Prenatal Risk Factor and Affected Systems, Bilateral Involvement, Proximal Involvement, and Additional Orthopedic Condition Outcomes
| Medical Comorbidities |
Affected Systems (n = 746) |
No Affected Systems (n = 1,635) |
Adjusted Analysis∗ |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Risk Factor | Frequency | (%) | Frequency | (%) | OR | (95% CI) | P† |
| Smoking (n = 130) | 47 | (6%) | 82 | (5%) | 1.15 | (0.76–1.73) | .82 |
| Prescription drug use (n = 376) | 144 | (19%) | 230 | (14%) | 1.43 | (1.11–1.84) | .02 |
| Recreational drug use (n = 38) | 16 | (2%) | 22 | (1%) | 1.73 | (0.87–3.47) | .31 |
| Alcohol use (n = 16) | 7 | (1%) | 9 | (1%) | 1.92 | (0.67–5.49) | .30 |
| GDM (n = 156) | 61 | (8%) | 94 | (6%) | 1.58 | (1.10–2.26) | .04 |
| Gestational hypertension (n = 167) | 65 | (9%) | 101 | (6%) | 1.42 | (1.00–2.03) | .10 |
| Bilateral Involvement |
Bilateral Involvement (n = 1,365) |
No Bilateral Involvement (n = 1,028) |
Adjusted Analysis∗ |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Risk Factor | Frequency | (%) | Frequency | (%) | OR | (95% CI) | P† |
| Smoking | 75 | (5%) | 54 | (5%) | 1.07 | (0.75–1.54) | .82 |
| Prescription drug use | 209 | (15%) | 164 | (16%) | 0.98 | (0.78–1.22) | .83 |
| Recreational drug use | 20 | (1%) | 18 | (2%) | 0.83 | (0.44–1.59) | .58 |
| Alcohol use | 12 | (1%) | 4 | (0%) | 2.31 | (0.74–7.22) | .30 |
| GDM | 92 | (7%) | 62 | (6%) | 1.12 | (0.80–1.56) | .52 |
| Gestational hypertension | 86 | (6%) | 80 | (8%) | 0.80 | (0.59–1.11) | .24 |
| Proximal Involvement |
Proximal Involvement (n = 434) |
No Proximal Involvement (n = 1,976) |
Adjusted Analysis∗ |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Risk Factor | Frequency | (%) | Frequency | (%) | OR | (95% CI) | P† |
| Smoking | 20 | (5%) | 110 | (6%) | 0.83 | (0.51–1.36) | .82 |
| Prescription drug use | 66 | (15%) | 310 | (16%) | 0.94 | (0.70–1.26) | .83 |
| Recreational drug use | 4 | (1%) | 34 | (2%) | 0.53 | (0.19–1.50) | .31 |
| Alcohol use | 2 | (0%) | 14 | (1%) | 0.63 | (0.14–2.80) | .55 |
| GDM | 38 | (9%) | 118 | (6%) | 1.52 | (1.04–2.23) | .04 |
| Gestational hypertension | 30 | (7%) | 137 | (7%) | 0.97 | (0.64–1.47) | .87 |
| Additional Orthopedic Conditions |
Additional Orthopedic Condition(s) (n = 647) |
No Additional Orthopedic Condition(s) (n = 1,737) |
Adjusted Analysis∗ |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Risk Factor | Frequency | (%) | Frequency | (%) | OR | (95% CI) | P† |
| Smoking | 36 | (6%) | 94 | (5%) | 0.95 | (0.63–1.43) | .82 |
| Prescription drug use | 113 | (17%) | 260 | (15%) | 1.15 | (0.90–1.48) | .54 |
| Recreational drug use | 14 | (2%) | 24 | (1%) | 1.62 | (0.82–3.20) | .31 |
| Alcohol use | 2 | (0%) | 14 | (1%) | 0.36 | (0.08–1.67) | .30 |
| Gestational diabetes | 54 | (8%) | 102 | (6%) | 1.51 | (1.06–2.15) | .04 |
| Gestational hypertension | 59 | (9%) | 107 | (6%) | 1.53 | (1.08–2.15) | .06 |
∗
Each OR and CI is based on an adjusted logistic regression model controlling for age and the presence of a syndrome.
†
P values have been adjusted based on the Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate method.