Table 1.
Average yearly antibiotic consumption 2010–2019 estimated as a relative share in percentage of the total consumption of systemic antibiotics (J01), expressed as defined daily dose per 1,000 inhabitants per day (DID), compared to the prevalence of type 1 (T1D) and type 2 (T2D) diabetes for 100,000 population (2019).
| Average antibiotic consumption for 2010–2019 | Total systemic antibiotic consumption in DID (J01 100%) and relative share in % | People with diabetes (20–79 years), 100,000 population/country | Type 1 diabetes (0–19 years), 100,000 population/country | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| J01 | J01A | J01C | J01CA | J01CE | J01CF | J01CR | J01D | J01F | J01M | |||
| Austria | 12 | 7.41 | 39.91 | 6.58 | 6.58 | 0.08 | 26.75 | 12.91 | 24.83 | 10.16 | 7,214.85 | 33.74 |
| Belgium | 22.25 | 9.07 | 46.42 | 22.2 | 0.13 | 1.16 | 22.92 | 6.29 | 15.28 | 10.02 | 4,887.57 | 35.71 |
| Bulgaria | 17.87 | 9.62 | 30.38 | 17.51 | 1.06 | 0 | 11.08 | 19.13 | 20.42 | 14.6 | 6,275.16 | 15.6 |
| Croatia | 17.32 | 6.04 | 44.11 | 11.37 | 3.81 | 0 | 28.86 | 16.39 | 16.62 | 8.31 | 5,078.91 | 31.28 |
| Cyprus | 26.64 | 12.68 | 34.3 | 9.12 | 0.3 | 0.07 | 24.84 | 20.53 | 10.96 | 17.83 | 7,719.05 | 33.63 |
| Czechia | 16.64 | 12.68 | 35.81 | 6.97 | 11.17 | 0.3 | 17.3 | 11.17 | 22.05 | 5.7 | 7,675.09 | 38.44 |
| Denmark | 15.1 | 10.79 | 63.64 | 21.12 | 28.34 | 9.2 | 4.9 | 0.19 | 12.64 | 3.17 | 6,467.17 | 53.89 |
| Estonia | 10.25 | 15.41 | 32.29 | 16.78 | 1.85 | 0 | 13.65 | 10.73 | 23.02 | 8.09 | 4,437.15 | 37.8 |
| Finland | 15.73 | 24.72 | 30.38 | 16.84 | 7.88 | 0.08 | 5.4 | 13.54 | 7.18 | 4.83 | 6,767.06 | 130.21 |
| France | 23.54 | 13.55 | 52.54 | 31.18 | 0.72 | 1.06 | 19.75 | 8.62 | 13.89 | 6.92 | 5,354.63 | 42.01 |
| Germany | 12.97 | 16.26 | 26.44 | 17.27 | 6.26 | 0.07 | 1.87 | 21.74 | 17.88 | 9.63 | 11,441.28 | 39.82 |
| Greece | 31.19 | 7.98 | 30.65 | 14.17 | 0.25 | 0 | 16.25 | 24.39 | 24.04 | 8.43 | 5,834.31 | 29.46 |
| Hungary | 13.62 | 8.66 | 33.99 | 6.46 | 1.9 | 0 | 25.62 | 13.95 | 21.51 | 16.29 | 7,051.25 | 36.05 |
| Iceland | 19.03 | 25.27 | 47.45 | 16.97 | 10.93 | 5.45 | 14.13 | 3.04 | 8.46 | 4.78 | 5,405.2 | 29.7 |
| Ireland | 19.83 | 14.46 | 48.21 | 14.92 | 5.34 | 7.06 | 20.92 | 5.95 | 20.77 | 4.18 | 3,075.52 | 68.48 |
| Italy | 21.7 | 2.48 | 45.94 | 12.02 | 0 | 0.04 | 33.87 | 10.69 | 20.69 | 14.42 | 6,052.39 | 26.39 |
| Latvia | 11.14 | 20.46 | 38.5 | 25.94 | 0.44 | 0 | 12.11 | 4.8 | 15.43 | 8.88 | 5,408.46 | 15.56 |
| Lithuania | 13.9 | 10.57 | 46.97 | 35.25 | 1.65 | 0 | 10.14 | 8.63 | 14.31 | 6.83 | 4,080.3 | 35.7 |
| Luxembourg | 21.89 | 8.26 | 39.28 | 14.29 | 0.09 | 0.82 | 24.16 | 15.3 | 17.81 | 11.42 | 4,733.18 | 33.1 |
| Malta | 19.26 | 6.9 | 33.28 | 2.54 | 0.51 | 0.31 | 29.95 | 22.01 | 20.35 | 11.94 | 6,702.58 | 33.1 |
| Netherlands | 9.44 | 23.72 | 32.52 | 13.87 | 2.75 | 4.66 | 11.22 | 0.42 | 15.04 | 8.15 | 5,973.78 | 42.79 |
| Norway | 15.16 | 19.59 | 39.77 | 13.98 | 21.56 | 4.1 | 0.12 | 0.59 | 9.36 | 2.96 | 5,477.75 | 71.19 |
| Poland | 20.9 | 11 | 31.86 | 16.36 | 1.14 | 0.04 | 14.25 | 13.49 | 20 | 6.31 | 6,182.76 | 33.23 |
| Portugal | 17.65 | 4.87 | 47.81 | 9.63 | 0.11 | 3 | 35.07 | 9 | 16.94 | 12.12 | 10,628.7 | 24.38 |
| Romania | 25.76 | 4.19 | 47.47 | 17.97 | 3.1 | 2.52 | 23.83 | 30.59 | 11.29 | 12.92 | 6,553.33 | 14.35 |
| Slovakia | 19.92 | 8.08 | 29.41 | 5.02 | 6.07 | 0 | 18.32 | 22.99 | 26.6 | 9.73 | 6,922.78 | 25.67 |
| Slovenia | 11.72 | 3.49 | 59.47 | 19.36 | 14.33 | 1.42 | 24.4 | 2.81 | 15.35 | 9.38 | 5,895.55 | 28.88 |
| Spain | 19.78 | 5.2 | 55.3 | 21.94 | 0.45 | 1.06 | 31.95 | 9.4 | 12.28 | 12.79 | 7,750.86 | 33.2 |
| Sweden | 12.25 | 22.36 | 50.44 | 8.73 | 27.59 | 12.2 | 1.79 | 1.14 | 4.81 | 5.55 | 5,226.82 | 86.24 |
| UK | 17.18 | 27.35 | 38.12 | 20.43 | 4.77 | 8.38 | 4.54 | 1.86 | 17.05 | 2.61 | 3,992.3 | 58.24 |
| Pearson’s correlation | ||||||||||||
| T1D, R | −0.226 | 0.58 | −0.008 | −0.014 | 0.488 | 0.43 | −0.519 | −0.349 | −0.473 | −0.558 | ||
| T1D, P | 0.251 | 0.001 | 0.968 | 0.94 | 0.006 | 0.018 | 0.003 | 0.059 | 0.008 | 0.001 | ||
| T2D, R | −0.027 | −0.242 | −0.212 | −0.339 | −0.051 | −0.277 | 0.167 | 0.364 | 0.065 | 0.41 | ||
| T2D, P | 0.886 | 0.198 | 0.261 | 0.067 | 0.79 | 0.138 | 0.377 | 0.048 | 0.703 | 0.025 | ||
| T1D, OR | 0.907 | 1.270 | 1.052 | 1.054 | 1.174 | 1.951 | 0.840 | 0.746 | 0.800 | 0.416 | ||
| T1D, 95% CI | 0.758–1.084 | 1.073–1.502 | 0.965–1.148 | 0.943–1.177 | 1.019–1.353 | 1.193–3.191 | 0.735–0.960 | 0.596–0.935 | 0.655–0.976 | 0.214–0.807 | ||
| T1D, P | 0.282 | 0.005 | 0.250 | 0.356 | 0.027 | 0.008 | 0.011 | 0.011 | 0.028 | 0.010 | ||
| T2D,OR | 1.013 | 0.913 | 0.959 | 0.868 | 0.999 | 0.851 | 1.040 | 1.165 | 1.048 | 1.297 | ||
| T2D, 95% CI | 0.880–1.168 | 0,811–1.028 | 0.885–1.040 | 0.756–0.996 | 0.910–1.097 | 0.648–1.117 | 0.964–1.122 | 1.029–1.319 | 0.912–1.203 | 1.025–1.642 | ||
| T2D, P | 0.853 | 0.132 | 0.316 | 0.044 | 0.985 | 0.245 | 0.315 | 0.016 | 0.509 | 0.030 | ||
Pearson’s correlation results are shown at the bottom of the table. Positive significance is displayed in bold, while negative significance is emphasized italics and underlined.
J01, antibiotics for systemic use; J01A, tetracycline; J01C, penicillin; J01CA, broad-spectrum, beta-lactamase-sensitive penicillin; J01CE, narrow-spectrum, beta-lactamase-sensitive penicillin; J01CE, narrow-spectrum, beta-lactamase-resistant penicillin; J01CR, broad-spectrum, beta-lactamase-resistant, combination penicillin; J01D, cephalosporin; J01F, macrolides; J01M, quinolone