Table 3. Risk (RR) for having ‘mild or greater’ symptoms of depression and anxiety as per the PHQ-ADS.
| Crude | Adjusted | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Predictor variable | RR (95% CI) | P value | RR (95% CI) | P value |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | Reference [1.00] | Reference [1.00] | ||
| Female | 2.023 (1.64, 2.48) | <0.0001 | 1.60 (1.37, 1.86) | <0.0001 |
| Age | ||||
| 18–29 years | Reference [1.00] | Reference [1.00] | ||
| 30–39 years | 0.640 (0.46, 0.87) | 0.005 | 0.89 (0.73, 1.09) | 0.267 |
| 40–49 years | 0.470 (0.34, 0.63) | <0.0001 | 0.69 (0.56, 0.85) | 0.001 |
| 50–59 years | 0.352 (0.24, 0.49) | <0.0001 | 0.50 (0.39, 0.64) | <0.0001 |
| 60–69 years | 0.276 (0.19, 0.39) | <0.0001 | 0.32 (0.24, 0.43) | <0.0001 |
| 70+ years | 0.302 (0.20, 0.44) | <0.0001 | 0.24 (0.14, 0.40) | <0.0001 |
| Education | ||||
| Primary level | Reference [1.00] | Reference [1.00] | ||
| Junior certificate | 0.856 (0.45, 1.60) | 0.629 | 0.70 (0.43, 1.15) | 0.168 |
| Leaving certificate | 1.131 (0.65, 1.95) | 0.658 | 0.72 (0.46, 1.12) | 0.156 |
| Other secondary level | 0.844 (0.45, 1.55) | 0.586 | 0.58 (0.36, 0.94) | 0.029 |
| Third level/PG course | 0.961 (0.56, 1.62) | 0.882 | 0.67 (0.43, 1.05) | 0.085 |
| Don’t know/ refused | 0.619 (0.12, 3.16) | 0.564 | 0.58 (0.15, 2.16) | 0.425 |
| Income | ||||
| Under €19,999 | Reference [1.00] | Reference [1.00] | ||
| €20,000 – €29,000 | 0.852 (0.56, 1.29) | 0.454 | 1.01 (0.76, 1.33) | 0.934 |
| €30,000 – €49,000 | 0.727 (0.51, 1.03) | 0.08 | 0.87 (0.67, 1.13) | 0.318 |
| €50,000 – €79,000 | 0.698 (0.48, 0.99) | 0.047 | 0.82 (0.63, 1.08) | 0.171 |
| €80,000 or greater | 0.552 (0.37, 0.82) | 0.004 | 0.66 (0.48, 0.91) | 0.011 |
| Don’t know/ refused | 1.003 (0.70, 1.42) | 0.983 | 0.89 (0.70, 1.14) | 0.386 |
| Change in employment (for those employed) | ||||
| No change | Reference [1.00] | Reference [1.00] | ||
| Change | 1.756 (1.35, 2.28) | <0.0001 | 1.50 (1.23, 1.82) | <0.0001 |
| Not applicable | 1.847 (1.44, 2.35) | <0.0001 | 1.68 (1.37, 2.05) | <0.0001 |
| Children <18 in household | ||||
| No | Reference [1.00] | Reference [1.00] | ||
| Yes | 1.253 (1.01, 1.54) | 0.033 | 1.03 (0.88, 1.20) | 0.69 |
| Cocooning | ||||
| Not cocooning | Reference [1.00] | Reference [1.00] | ||
| Over 70 years old | 0.777 (0.54, 1.09) | 0.153 | 1.57 (0.97, 2.56) | 0.064 |
| Health condition | 1.506 (1.05, 2.14) | 0.023 | 1.33 (1.07, 1.65) | 0.009 |
| Self-isolating | 1.521 (1.11, 2.08) | 0.009 | 1.24 (1.02, 1.50) | 0.025 |
| Alcohol intake | ||||
| None/occasional drinker | Reference [1.00] | Reference [1.00] | ||
| Moderate/heavy drinker | 1.104 (0.88, 1.37) | 0.373 | 1.26 (1.08, 1.47) | 0.002 |