Table 1.
Dendrobium spp. and alkaloid constituents with biological properties.
| Dendrobium species (organ) | Active molecule/type of extract | Experimental subjects | Activity | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| D. nobile (stem) | Total alkaloids (90.7% dendrobine) |
Rat’s cortical neurons (in vitro) | Attenuation of neuronal damage on cortical neurons injured by oxygen–glucose deprivation/reperfusion | Wang et al., 2010 |
| Total alkaloids (90.7% dendrobine) | Rat’s hippocampus | Inhibition of LPS-induced memory impairment | Li et al., 2011 | |
| Total alkaloids (30.5% dendrobine) | Tau protein in rat’s hippocampus | Inhibition of hyperphosphorylation and LPS-induced apoptosis | Yang et al., 2014 | |
| Total alkaloids (92.6% dendrobine) | Aβ25-35-induced memory impairment in mice | Prevention of Aβ25-35-induced neuronal and synaptic loss | Nie et al., 2016 | |
| Total alkaloids (92.6% dendrobine) | 8-week-old male Kunming mice with given doses of DNLA | Glucose-lowering and antihyperlipidemia effects in diabetic rats on the expression of the Nrf2-antioxidant pathway genes | Xu et al., 2017 | |
| Total alkaloids (92.6% dendrobine) | Male APPswe/PS11E9 transgenic (APP/PS1) mice and wild-type (WT) littermates | Improvement of learning and memory function in APP/PS1 mice by increasing v-ATPase A1 and autolysosomal proteolysis | Nie et al., 2018 | |
| Total alkaloids (79.8% dendrobine) | HFD-induced Male C57BL/6 mice | Balance hepatic lipid homeostasis in HFD-fed mice by increasing the taurine-conjugated bile acids and decreasing the CA/CDCA ratio | Huang et al., 2019 | |
| D. nobile | Dendrobine standard | Influenza A (H1N1,H3N2) | Anti-viral activity against influenza A viruses by restraining viral NP and its oligomerization | Li et al., 2017c |
| Dendrobine standard | Human lung cancer cell line A549 | Induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis of A549 NSCLC cells through JNK/Bim signaling pathway | Song et al., 2019 | |
| Total alkaloids | 8- to 10-week-old male wild-type and Nrf2 knockout mice | Protection of CCl4-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and mice liver injury by Nrf2 signaling pathway | Zhou et al., 2020 | |
| D. nobile (whole plant) | Anosmine | LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells | Inhibitory activity against NO production and a weak α-glucosidase inhibitory activity | Chen et al., 2018 |
| D. crepidatum (stem) | Homocrepidine B | LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells | Moderate inhibition on LPS-induced NO production | Hu et al., 2016 |
| (−)-Dendrocrepidine F | LPS-activated peritoneal macrophages in mice | Higher anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting NO production | Hu et al., 2018 | |
| (+)-Homocrepidine A | LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells | Inhibitory effects on NO production and protective effect against LPS-induced acute lung injury in mice | Hu et al., 2016, 2020 | |
| Isocrepidamine | HepG2 cells | Potent hypoglycemic effect in vitro without cytotoxicity | Xu et al., 2019 | |
| Dendrocrepine | HepG2 cells | Potential hypoglycemic effect on high glucose model in vitro | Xu et al., 2020 | |
| D. loddigesii (stem) | Shihunine | LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells | Inhibitory activity against NO production and a weak α-glucosidase inhibitory activity | Chen et al., 2018 |
| Shihunine-rich extract | 3 T3-L1 preadipocytes induced with insulin and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, db/db, and C57BL/6 mice | Anti-diabetic effect on db/db mice by reducing the oil droplets and TG and promoting 2-NBDG uptake in 3 T3-L1 cell | Li et al., 2019 | |
| D. findlayanum (whole plant) | Dendrofindline A Dendrofindline B Findlayine A | Cytotoxic effects on human tumor cell lines (A172, SHSY5Y, Hela) and zebrafish gastrointestinal motility | Inactive cytotoxicity against tumor cell lines but promoting gastrointestinal motility activities | Liu et al., 2020a |
| D. Snowflake “Red Star” | Flakinins A Flakinins B Mubironine C | Murine leukemia L1210 cells | Moderate cytotoxicity against murine leukemia | Morita et al., 2000 |
| D. officinale (leaf, stem, root) | Total alkaloids | Not stated | Not stated | Shen et al., 2017 |
| D. officinale (Protocorm-like bodies) | Carapanaubine, sempervirine, glycoperine, xanthoplanine, senkirkine, pelletierine | Not stated | Not stated | Jiao et al., 2018 |
| D. officinale (leaf, stem) | Hordenine, piperidine, quinine, betaine Isohemiphloin, Theobromine, Trigonelline | Not stated | Not stated | Cao et al., 2019 |
| D. officinale (leaf) | Total alkaloids | Not stated | Not stated | Chen et al., 2019 |
| D. officinale (stem) | Caffeoylcholine 6-glucoside, cocamidopropyl βine, dopamine hydrochloride, putrescine-based derivatives | Not stated | Not stated | Zuo et al., 2020 |
| D. officinale (Protocorm-like bodies) | Total alkaloids | Not stated | Not stated | Wang et al., 2021 |