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. 2022 May 6;13:795770. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.795770

TABLE 2.

Fit indices for the one-, three-, and four-factor models.

Latent model χ2 df p CFI TLI RMSEA 90% CI of RMSEA SRMR SRMRu 90% CI of SRMRu SRMRu/R2¯
Sample 1: QEWB-English (students)
1-factor
Model 1 560.472 189 <0.001 0.631 0.590 0.078 (0.070; 0.085) 0.087 0.071 (0.055; 0.087) 0.349
3-factor
Model 2a 383.762 186 <0.001 0.804 0.778 0.057 (0.049; 0.065) 0.074 0.052 (0.037; 0.067) 0.178
Model 3aa 323.438 168 <0.001 0.846 0.807 0.053 (0.045; 0.062) 0.057 0.029 (0.017; 0.042) 0.091
Model 4a 246.033 150 <0.001 0.905 0.866 0.044 (0.034; 0.054) 0.043 N/A N/A N/A
Model 5a 180.810 132 0.0031 0.952 0.923 0.034 (0.020; 0.045) 0.036 N/A N/A N/A
4-factor
Model 2b 370.108 183 <0.001 0.814 0.787 0.056 (0.048; 0.064) 0.073 0.049 (0.034; 0.064) 0.156
Model 3ba 333.162 168 <0.001 0.836 0.795 0.055 (0.046; 0.064) 0.062 0.026 (0.014; 0.039) 0.078
Model 4b 180.810 132 0.0031 0.952 0.923 0.034 (0.020; 0.045) 0.036 N/A N/A N/A
Model 5b 147.231 115 0.0229 0.968 0.942 0.029 (0.012; 0.043) 0.030 N/A N/A N/A
Sample 2: QEWB-Afrikaans (students)
1-factor
Model 1 599.253 189 <0.001 0.748 0.720 0.067 (0.061; 0.073) 0.068 0.060 (0.05; 0.07) 0.295
3-factor
Model 2a 392.096 186 <0.001 0.873 0.857 0.048 (0.041; 0.055) 0.059 0.046 (0.037; 0.056) 0.164
Model 3aa 274.518 168 <0.001 0.935 0.918 0.036 (0.028; 0.044) 0.043 0.023 (0.016; 0.031) 0.074
Model 4a 219.893 150 <0.001 0.957 0.940 0.031 (0.022; 0.040) 0.031 N/A N/A N/A
Model 5a 171.566 132 0.0117 0.976 0.961 0.025 (0.012; 0.035) 0.027 N/A N/A N/A
4-factor
Model 2ba,b 378.854 183 <0.001 0.880 0.862 0.047 (0.041; 0.054) 0.057 0.044 (0.035; 0.054) 0.160
Model 3ba No convergence in Mplus 0.024 (0.017; 0.031) 0.079
Model 4b 171.566 132 0.0117 0.976 0.961 0.025 (0.012; 0.035) 0.027 N/A N/A N/A
Model 5b 153.891 115 0.0090 0.976 0.956 0.027 (0.014; 0.037) 0.024 N/A N/A N/A
Sample 3: QEWB-Setswana (students)
1-factor
Model 1 505.915 189 <0.001 0.635 0.594 0.081 (0.072; 0.089) 0.090 0.070 (0.051; 0.089) 0.364
3-factor
Model 2a 420.470 186 <0.001 0.730 0.695 0.070 (0.061; 0.079) 0.086 0.068 (0.052; 0.084) 0.275
Model 3aa No convergence in Mplus 0.017 (0.002; 0.032) 0.059
Model 4ac 146.249 133 0.204 0.983 0.975 0.020 (0.000; 0.037) 0.038 N/A N/A N/A
Model 5ac 134.157 116 0.119 0.976 0.961 0.025 (0.000; 0.041) 0.031 N/A N/A N/A
4-factor
Model 2b 412.410 183 <0.001 0.736 0.697 0.070 (0.061; 0.079) 0.086 0.063 (0.047; 0.079) 0.242
Model 3ba No convergence in Mplus 0.022 (0.008; 0.036) 0.071
Model 4bc 134.157 116 0.119 0.976 0.961 0.025 (0.000; 0.041) 0.031 N/A N/A N/A
Model 5bd 60.390 73 0.854 1.000 1.043 0.000 (0.000; 0.021) 0.023 N/A N/A N/A
Sample 4: QEWB-English (adults)
1-factor
Model 1 891.433 189 <0.001 0.400 0.333 0.119 (0.111; 0.127) 0.124 0.100 (0.081; 0.118) 0.510
3-factor
Model 2a 693.079 186 <0.001 0.567 0.511 0.102 (0.094; 0.110) 0.116 0.094 (0.072; 0.117) 0.327
Model 3a No convergence in Mplus or lavaan
Model 4a 324.457 150 <0.001 0.851 0.791 0.067 (0.057; 0.077) 0.050 N/A N/A N/A
Model 5a 281.429 132 <0.001 0.872 0.797 0.066 (0.055; 0.076) 0.045 N/A N/A N/A
4-factor
Model 2b 679.200 183 <0.001 0.576 0.513 0.102 (0.094; 0.110) 0.114 0.083 (0.063; 0.103) 0.279
Model 3b No convergence in Mplus or lavaan
Model 4b 281.429 132 <0.001 0.872 0.797 0.066 (0.055; 0.076) 0.045 N/A N/A N/A
Model 5b 276.883 115 <0.001 0.862 0.747 0.073 (0.062; 0.084) 0.041 N/A N/A N/A

QEWB, Questionnaire for Eudaimonic Well-Being; 1-factor: Model 1 = confirmatory factor analysis (CFA); 3-factor and 4-factor: Model 2 = CFA, Model 3 = bifactor CFA; Model 4 = exploratory structural equation modelling (ESEM); Model 5 = bifactor ESEM; χ2, Chi-square; df, degrees of freedom; p, probability value; CFI, comparative fit index; TLI, Tucker–Lewis index; RMSEA, root mean square error of approximation; 90% CI of RMSEA, 90% confidence interval of the RMSEA; SRMR, standardised root mean square residual; SRMRu, unbiased SRMR calculated using lavaan; 90% CI of SRMRu = 90% confidence interval of the SRMRu; SRMRu/R2¯ SRMRu divided by the average R2 of the items. N/A indicates that the SRMRu was not calculated for the ESEM or bifactor ESEM models. All fit statistics were calculated using Mplus Version 8.3 except for the SRMRu that was calculated using the lavResiduals function of the lavaan package in R4.0.2.

aLavaan output in R warns that variance-covariance matrix does not appear to be positive definite.

bMplus output warns that Psi matrix is not positive definite.

cItem 9 removed (negative residual variance).

dItems 9, 1, 18 removed (negative residual variance).