TABLE 4.
Measurement invariance of the QEWB for Samples 1, 2, and 3.
| Model | χ2 | df | p | CFI | RMSEA | Model comparison | χ2 | df | p | Δ CFI | Δ RMSEA |
| Samples 1 and 2 (Model 5a) | |||||||||||
| Invariance Model 1 | 353.179 | 264 | <0.001 | 0.966 | 0.029 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Invariance Model 2A | 485.643 | 332 | <0.001 | 0.941 | 0.034 | 2A vs. 1 | 131.291 | 68 | <0.001 | −0.025 | 0.005 |
| Invariance Model 2B | 470.891 | 328 | <0.001 | 0.945 | 0.033 | 2B vs. 1 | 114.807 | 64 | 0.000 | −0.021 | 0.016 |
| Invariance Model 2C | 440.588 | 322 | <0.001 | 0.954 | 0.030 | 2C vs. 1 | 86.199 | 58 | 0.010 | −0.012 | 0.001 |
| Invariance Model 2D | 417.300 | 314 | <0.001 | 0.960 | 0.029 | 2D vs. 1 | 64.553 | 50 | 0.081 | −0.006 | 0.000 |
| Invariance Model 3 | No convergence | ||||||||||
| Samples 1, 2, and 3 (Model 5a, item 9 removed) | |||||||||||
| Invariance Model 1 | 472.511 | 348 | <0.001 | 0.959 | 0.032 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Invariance Model 2A | 685.999 | 476 | <0.001 | 0.930 | 0.035 | 2A vs. 1 | 206.723 | 128 | <0.001 | −0.029 | 0.003 |
| Invariance Model 2B | The first-order derivative product matrix, as well as the latent variable covariance matrix for Sample 3 was not positive definite | ||||||||||
Samples 1 and 2 (Model 5a): Invariance Model 1 = configural invariance model; Invariance Model 2A = metric invariance model; Invariance Model 2B = partial metric invariance model with the factor loading of item 11 on the Effortful Engagement factor freely estimated in both groups; Invariance Model 2C = partial metric invariance model with the factor loadings of items 11 and 6 on the Effortful Engagement factor freely estimated in both groups; Invariance Model 2D = partial metric invariance model with the factor loadings of items 11 and 6 on the Effortful Engagement factor and item 8 on the Sense of Purpose factor freely estimated in both groups; Invariance Model 3 = partial scalar invariance model; Samples 1, 2, and 3 (Model 5a, item 9 removed): Invariance Model 1 = configural invariance model; Invariance Model 2A = metric invariance model; Model 2B = partial metric invariance model with the factor loading of item 3 on the Effortful Engagement factor freely estimated in all groups; χ2, Chi square; df, degrees of freedom; p, probability value; CFI, comparative fit index; TLI, Tucker–Lewis index; RMSEA, root mean square error of approximation; 90% CI, 90% confidence interval of the RMSEA; SRMR, standardised root mean square residual.