Table 1.

Species richness and abundance (mean ± SD) under conventional and organic farming systems and their GAMM (generalized additive mixed model) analyses on the effects of farming systems on the farms and the nonnatural land surrounding each field (n = 20 fields for each farming system)

	Value			GAMM
	Conventional	Organic		Farming (t; p-value)	Nonnatural land (F; p-value; EDF)	Field area (F; p-value; EDF)
Species richness of total insects	5.5 ± 2.7	5.6 ± 2.2		-0.19; 0.85	0.23; 0.64; 1.0	0.37; 0.55; 1.0
Species richness of predators/parasitoids	1.7 ± 0.8	1.6 ± 1.0		-0.17; 0.86	0.01; 0.92; 1.0	0.05; 0.83; 1.0
Species richness of pests	1.4 ± 1.1	1.1 ± 0.9		-1.90; 0.07	0.17; 0.68; 1.0	0.90; 0.35; 1.0
Species richness of others	2.4 ± 1.5	2.8 ± 1.4		0.40; 0.69	0.67; 0.42; 1.0	0.07; 0.80; 1.0
Total abundance	16.9 ± 10.2	14.4 ± 8.9		-0.68; 0.50	5.38; 0.09; 2.0	30.03; 0.00; 7.9
Abundance of predators/parasitoids	5.7 ± 2.6	5.2 ± 6.4		-1.39; 0.17	3.81; 0.06; 1.0	0.09; 0.76; 1.0
Abundance of pests	4.8 ± 4.8	2.9 ± 3.2		-2.32; 0.03	9.28; 0.04; 2.4	11.96; 0.28; 6.3
Abundance of others	6.3 ± 5.0	6.3 ± 5.6		-0.58; 0.57	4.39; 0.33; 2.3	19.54; 0.02; 7.5
Abundance of AS	3.0 ± 3.3	3.0 ± 3.7		-0.09; 0.93	7.58; 0.05; 2.2	0.25; 0.62; 1.0
Abundance of OS	2.6 ± 2.1	2.4 ± 2.8		-0.54; 0.59	0.56; 0.46; 1.0	3.92; 0.06; 1.0
Abundance of HO	2.2 ± 3.3	0.6 ± 1.1		-3.80; 0.00	2.58; 0.12; 1.0	0.02; 0.89; 1.0
Abundance of CP	2.5 ± 3.5	1.0 ± 1.9		-0.92; 0.37	11.37; 0.00; 1.0	1.34; 0.25; 1.0

EDF stands for the estimated degrees of freedom.