Table. Baseline Characteristics of Study Participants.
| Characteristic | Open-angle glaucoma | Cataract | Age-related macular degeneration | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Absent (n = 7070) | Present (n = 324) | Absent (n = 7057) | Present (n = 4203) | Absent (n = 9058) | Present (n = 1935) | |
| No diabetes, No. (%) | 5697 (80.6) | 264 (81.5) | 6178 (87.5) | 3372 (80.2) | 7787 (86.0) | 1667 (86.1) |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 62.0 (7.9) | 68.7 (8.8) | 64.8 (11.2) | 68.5 (8.5) | 64.2 (9.7) | 69.9 (10.2) |
| Female sex, No. (%) | 3421 (60.0) | 130 (49.2) | 3631 (58.8) | 2153 (63.8) | 4644 (59.6) | 992 (59.5) |
| Male sex, No. (%) | 2276 (40.0) | 134 (50.8) | 2547 (41.2) | 1219 (36.2) | 3143 (40.4) | 675 (40.5) |
| BMI, mean (SD)a | 26.3 (3.7) | 25.9 (3.4) | 26.5 (3.9) | 26.3 (3.7) | 26.4 (3.9) | 26.1 (3.6) |
| Antihypertensives | 1981 (34.8) | 55 (21) | 1897 (30.7) | 757 (22.4) | 2289 (29.4) | 291 (17.5) |
| Statins | 287 (5.0) | 9 (3) | 275 (4.5) | 123 (3.6) | 330 (4.2) | 53 (3) |
| Smoking, current, No. (%) | 1275 (22.4) | 46 (17) | 1579 (25.6) | 645 (19.1) | 1873 (24.1) | 359 (21.5) |
| Diabetes, untreated, No. (%) | 577 (8.2) | 42 (13) | 440 (6.2) | 369 (8.8) | 594 (6.6) | 157 (8.1) |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 63.8 (7.2) | 67.5 (7.3) | 63.9 (8.3) | 68.7 (8.2) | 64.5 (7.6) | 68.4 (8.0) |
| Female sex, No. (%) | 308 (53.4) | 19 (45.2) | 202 (45.9) | 215 (58.3) | 315 (53.0) | 85 (54) |
| Male sex, No. (%) | 269 (46.6) | 23 (54.8) | 238 (54.1) | 154 (41.7) | 279 (47.0) | 72 (45.9) |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 28.1 (4.1) | 27.9 (3.2) | 28.7 (4.2) | 27.9 (3.8) | 28.5 (4.2) | 27.9 (4.0) |
| Antihypertensives | 201 (34.8) | 13 (31) | 168 (38.2) | 92 (25) | 201 (33.8) | 30 (19) |
| Statins | 51 (9) | 5 (12) | 43 (10) | 28 (8) | 52 (9) | 7 (4) |
| Smoking, current, No. (%) | 126 (21.8) | 11 (26) | 118 (26.8) | 70 (19) | 135 (22.7) | 31 (20) |
| Diabetes, treated, No. (%) | 796 (11.3) | 18 (6) | 439 (6.2) | 462 (11.0) | 677 (7.5) | 111 (5.7) |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 63.5 (7.3) | 67.6 (7.4) | 61.2 (6.5) | 67.6 (8.5) | 63.5 (7.5) | 66.5 (9.0) |
| Female sex, No. (%) | 392 (49.2) | 8 (44.0) | 191 (43.5) | 240 (51.9) | 318 (47.0) | 62 (56) |
| Male sex, No. (%) | 404 (50.8) | 10 (55.0) | 248 (56.5) | 222 (48.1) | 359 (53.0) | 49 (44.0) |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 29.6 (4.8) | 26.2 (3.0) | 30.3 (4.9) | 29.3 (4.7) | 29.6 (4.8) | 28.9 (4.7) |
| Antihypertensives | 371 (46.6) | 8 (44) | 265 (60.4) | 175 (37.9) | 306 (45.2) | 47 (42) |
| Statins | 146 (18.3) | 5 (28) | 119 (27.1) | 61 (13) | 127 (18.8) | 23 (21) |
| Smoking, current, No. (%) | 180 (22.6) | 3 (17) | 110 (25.1) | 94 (20) | 161 (23.8) | 26 (23) |
| Metforminb | 618 (77.6) | 8 (44) | 359 (81.8) | 295 (63.9) | 531 (78.4) | 86 (77) |
| Other diabetes medicationb,c | 178 (22.4) | 10 (56) | 80 (18) | 167 (36.1) | 146 (21.6) | 25 (23) |
Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index.
a
Calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.
b
Untreated participants used as control group.
c
Diabetes medication for each group: open-angle glaucoma (130 of 188 [69.1%] sulfonylurea; 46 of 188 [24.5%] insulin; 12 of 188 [6.4%] combination); age-related macular degeneration (125 of 171 [73.1%] sulfonylurea; 39 of 171 [22.8%] insulin; 7 of 171 [4.1%] combination); cataract (176 of 247 [71.3%] sulfonylurea; 57 of 247 [23.1%] insulin; 14 of 247 [5.7%] combination).