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. 2022 May 6;13:880523. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.880523

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Copyright © 2022 Tang, Wu, Li, Xu and Jiang

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The mechanisms of MSC/MSC-sEV modulation of immune cells. The immunomodulatory effect of MSCs/MSC-sEVs is reflected in their ability to inhibit immune cell proliferation and function and induce anti-inflammatory cell activation.