Table 2.
Multivariable results for Income and Education level: Pooled effects from two mixed-effects Cox models for long-term survivala,b
| Factor | Model 1: HR (95% CI), p-value | Model 2: HR (95% CI), p-value |
|---|---|---|
| Education (vs. ≥21% no high school diploma) | Overall p<.0001 | |
| 13–20.9% | NA | 0.98 (.903,1.06), .572 |
| 7–12.9% | NA | 0.97 (.894,1.05), .399 |
| <7% | NA | 0.81 (.742,.877), <.0001 |
| Race (vs. White, non-Hispanic) | Overall p=.565 | Overall p=.666 |
| White, Hispanic | 0.92 (.843,1.00), .055 | 0.92 (.840,1.00), .051 |
| Black, Non-Hispanic | 1.0 (.938,1.11), .656 | 1.0 (.956,1.12), .381 |
| Male gender (vs. female) | 1.1 (1.09,1.20), <.0001 | 1.1 (1.09,1.20), <.0001 |
| Age overall p-value (for combined linear and non-linear terms) | <.0001 | <.0001 |
| Age (linear component) | 0.97 (.955,.979), <.0001 | 0.97 (.955,.979), <.0001 |
| Age (quadratic component) | 1.1 (1.04,1.06), <.0001 | 1.1 (1.04,1.06), <.0001 |
| Year of diagnosis (HR multiplies per year) | 1.0 (.990,1.01), .797 | 1.0 (.990,1.01), .827 |
| Income (vs. <$38K/year) | Overall p<.0001 | |
| $38,000-$47,999 | 0.94 (.870,1.02), .145 | NA |
| $48,000-$62,999 | 0.90 (.829,.973), .009 | NA |
| $63,000+ | 0.80 (.738,.867), <.0001 | NA |
| Charlson/Deyo score (HR multiplies by per unit increase) | 1.2 (1.13,1.21), <.0001 | 1.2 (1.12,1.20), <.0001 |
| Miles from hospital (HR multiplies by per 10-mile increment) | 0.99 (.993,.998), .0001 | 0.99 (.994,.998), .0001 |
| Region (vs. West) | Overall p<.0001 | Overall p<.0001 |
| East | 1.2 (1.06,1.24), .001 | 1.1 (1.06,1.24), .001 |
| New England | 1.0 (.952,1.10), .515 | 1.0 (.935,1.08), .866 |
| Pacific/mountain | 1.1 (1.01,1.20), .031 | 1.1 (.993,1.19), .070 |
| Population area (vs. Rural) | Overall p=.119 | Overall p=.086 |
| Metro | 1.1 (.904,1.31), .376 | 1.1 (.884,1.27), .527 |
| Metro adjacent | 1.2 (.969,1.43), .102 | 1.2 (.965,1.42), .109 |
| Not metro adjacent | 1.0 (.813,1.26), .921 | 1.0 (.815,1.26), .907 |
| Disease site (vs. Other) | Overall p<.0001 | Overall p<.0001 |
| C250 | 1.5 (1.29,1.64), <.0001 | 1.5 (1.29,1.64), <.0001 |
| C251 | 1.2 (1.05,1.37), .009 | 1.2 (1.05,1.37), .008 |
| C252 | 1.1 (.969,1.24), .141 | 1.1 (.969,1.24), .143 |
| C258 | 1.2 (.990,1.33), .067 | 1.2 (.988,1.33), .071 |
| C259 | 1.4 (1.23,1.59), <.0001 | 1.4 (1.22,1.58), <.0001 |
| Tumor type (vs. carcinoid) | Overall p<.0001 | Overall p<.0001 |
| Non-secretory | 1.2 (1.01,1.45), .037 | 1.2 (1.01,1.44), .041 |
| Secretory | 1.4 (1.30,1.54), <.0001 | 1.4 (1.30,1.53), <.0001 |
| Tumor grade (vs. well-differentiated) | Overall p<.0001 | Overall p<.0001 |
| Poor/Undifferentiated | 3.8 (3.46,4.10), <.0001 | 3.8 (3.46,4.10), <.0001 |
| Moderately differentiated | 1.4 (1.25,1.53), <.0001 | 1.4 (1.25,1.53), <.0001 |
| Undetermined | 1.7 (1.63,1.85), <.0001 | 1.7 (1.63,1.85), <.0001 |
| Tumor size ≤39mm (HR multiplies per mm increase) | 1.01 (1.005,1.015), .0003 | 1.01 (1.005,1.016), .0002 |
| Tumor >39mm | 1.5 (1.26,1.70), <.0001 | 1.5 (1.27,1.71), <.0001 |
| T stage (vs. 0/1) | Overall p<.0001 | Overall p<.0001 |
| T2 | 1.0 (.844,1.21), .903 | 1.0 (.840,1.21), .946 |
| T3 | 1.2 (1.00,1.43), .048 | 1.2 (1.00,1.43), .051 |
| T4/X | 1.9 (1.57,2.18), <.0001 | 1.8 (1.56,2.17), <.0001 |
| Metastasis | 2.9 (2.72,3.06), <.0001 | 2.9 (2.72,3.07), <.0001 |
a
Model 1=All covariates+income (pooled adjusted R2=0.34, pooled AUC=0.79)
b
Model 2=All covariates+education (pooled adjusted R2=0.34, pooled AUC=0.79)