Table 1.
Stratum-specific characteristics and ORs of RDT-diagnosed malaria in children 6–59 months, Burkina Faso
| Total (N=18 016)* | Malaria by RDT | Unadjusted† | Adjusted‡ | |||
| N (%) | % (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | P value§ | OR (95% CI) | P value§ | |
| SMC | ||||||
| No SMC | 12 451 (69.1) | 67.0 (66.1 to 67.9) | 1.00 (Base) | 1.00 (Base) | ||
| During SMC | 610 (3.4) | 42.3 (41.3 to 43.3) | 0.22 (0.18 to 0.28) | <0.001 | 0.28 (0.21 to 0.37) | <0.001 |
| 1-month post–SMC | 50 (0.3) | 24.0 (23.2 to 24.8) | 0.15 (0.08 to 0.31) | <0.001 | 0.29 (0.12 to 0.72) | 0.01 |
| 2 months post-SMC | 246 (1.4) | 26.0 (25.1 to 26.9) | 0.14 (0.09 to 0.20) | <0.001 | 0.33 (0.17 to 0.64) | <0.001 |
| 3 months post-SMC | 742 (4.1) | 24.4 (23.6 to 25.2) | 0.10 (0.08 to 0.12) | <0.001 | 1.07 (0.62 to 1.87) | 0.80 |
| 4 months post-SMC | 3457 (19.2) | 19.4 (18.6 to 20.2) | 0.07 (0.06 to 0.08) | <0.001 | 0.70 (0.48 to 1.02) | 0.06 |
| 5 months post-SMC | 351 (1.9) | 12.3 (11.7 to 12.9) | 0.06 (0.04 to 0.09) | <0.001 | 0.41 (0.22 to 0.74) | <0.001 |
| Missing | 109 (0.6) | |||||
| Year | ||||||
| 2010 | 6377 (35.4) | 71.5 (70.6 to 72.4) | 1.00 (Base) | 1.00 (Base) | ||
| 2014 | 6081 (33.8) | 64.4 (63.5 to 65.3) | 0.57 (0.53 to 0.62) | <0.001 | 0.46 (0.40 to 0.53) | <0.001 |
| 2017 | 552 (3.1) | 20.3 (19.5 to 21.1) | 0.17 (0.13 to 0.22) | <0.001 | 0.37 (0.22 to 0.63) | <0.001 |
| 2018 | 5006 (27.8) | 20.5 (19.7 to 21.3) | 0.06 (0.06 to 0.07) | <0.001 | 0.08 (0.05 to 0.15) | <0.001 |
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 8848 (49.1) | 53.4 (52.4 to 54.4) | 1.00 (Base) | 1.00 (Base) | ||
| Male | 9168 (50.9) | 53.4 (52.4 to 54.4) | 1.01 (0.95 to 1.07) | 0.779 | 1.00 (0.92 to 1.09) | 0.93 |
| Child’s age (months) | ||||||
| 6–11 | 1996 (11.1) | 43.2 (42.2 to 44.2) | 1.00 (Base) | 1.00 (Base) | ||
| 12–23 | 3863 (21.4) | 49.6 (48.6 to 50.6) | 1.28 (1.14 to 1.44) | <0.001 | 1.40 (1.20 to 1.63) | <0.001 |
| 24–35 | 4010 (22.3) | 56.1 (55.1 to 57.1) | 1.69 (1.50 to 1.90) | <0.001 | 2.03 (1.74 to 2.36) | <0.001 |
| 36–47 | 4172 (23.2) | 57.5 (56.5 to 58.5) | 1.75 (1.56 to 1.97) | <0.001 | 2.44 (2.10 to 2.84) | <0.001 |
| 48–59 | 3975 (22.1) | 55.1 (54.1 to 56.1) | 1.58 (1.41 to 1.77) | <0.001 | 2.13 (1.83 to 2.49) | <0.001 |
| Net use | ||||||
| None | 7266 (40.3) | 53.0 (52.0 to 54.0) | 1.00 (Base) | 1.00 (Base) | ||
| Net use | 10 750 (59.7) | 53.6 (52.6 to 54.6) | 1 (0.94 to 1.07) | 0.918 | 0.92 (0.84 to 1.01) | 0.07 |
| Wealth quintile | ||||||
| Poorest | 3762 (20.9) | 57.9 (56.9 to 58.9) | 1.00 (Base) | 1.00 (Base) | ||
| Poor | 3871 (21.5) | 59.1 (58.1 to 60.1) | 0.99 (0.89 to 1.09) | 0.812 | 0.99 (0.87 to 1.13) | 0.87 |
| Middle | 3950 (21.9) | 58.5 (57.5 to 59.5) | 0.98 (0.89 to 1.09) | 0.735 | 0.92 (0.80 to 1.05) | 0.20 |
| Richer | 3841 (21.3) | 53.8 (52.8 to 54.8) | 0.83 (0.75 to 0.92) | <0.001 | 0.80 (0.70 to 0.92) | <0.001 |
| Richest | 2592 (14.4) | 29.8 (28.9 to 30.7) | 0.37 (0.33 to 0.43) | <0.001 | 0.43 (0.36 to 0.52) | <0.001 |
| Urbanicity | ||||||
| Urban | 3204 (17.8) | 34.7 (33.8 to 35.6) | 1.00 (Base) | 1.00 (Base) | ||
| Rural | 14 812 (82.2) | 57.4 (56.4 to 58.4) | 2.10 (1.91 to 2.31) | <0.001 | 2.25 (1.95 to 0.51) | <0.001 |
| Treatment seeking | ||||||
| None | 12 225 (67.9) | 48.4 (47.4 to 49.4) | 1.00 (Base) | 1.00 (Base) | ||
| Treatment seeking | 2361 (13.1) | 60.8 (59.8 to 61.8) | 1.72 (1.56 to 1.90) | <0.001 | 1.91 (1.71 to 2.61) | <0.001 |
| Missing | 3430 (19.0) | |||||
| Month | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 7.76 (3.81) | 9.10 (2.80) | 1.3 (1.28 to 1.31) | <0.001 | ||
| Median (min, max) | 10.0 (1.00, 12.0) | 10.0 (1.00, 12.0) | ||||
| Rainfall (m) | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 0.327 (0.238) | 0.409 (0.198) | 63.75 (54.11 to 75.10) | <0.001 | 2.70 (1.19 to 6.13) | 0.02 |
| Median (min, max) | 0.373 (5.37x10ˆ-5, 0.847) | 0.442 (5.37x10ˆ-5, 0.847) | ||||
Boldface type indicate a significant p-value<0.05.
*Sample size includes 1069 clusters across the three surveys (572 in 2010; 252 in 2014; 245 in 2017). All health districts were considered for the analysis, however, not all were sampled (70 in 2010; 69 in 2014, 67 in 2017).
†OR calculated using multilevel generalised linear model for binary outcomes with random intercepts for health district.
‡ORs calculated using multilevel generalised additive model for binary outcomes with random intercepts for health district adjusted for SMC, year, age, sex, use of a net the night before data collection, wealth quintile, urbanicity, rainfall, and treatment seeking behaviour (effective df (edf) 3.856, p<0.001).
§Wald p value.
RDT, rapid diagnostic test; SMC, seasonal malaria chemoprevention.