Fig. 2.

Celastrol (Cel) inhibits inflammatory response by suppressing the Warburg effect in LPS-activated macrophages. The grouping as follows: DMSO, Model (LPS 100 ng/ml), Cel (LPS 100 ng/ml + Cel 1 μmol/L), SKN (LPS 100 ng/ml + shikonin 1 μmol/L). a Release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6. b Oxygen consumption rate (OCR). c Maximal respiration and spare respiration capacity of OCR. d Extracellular acidification rate (ECAR). All data are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 3). ^###P < 0.001 vs. DMSO; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs. Model. LPS lipopolysaccharide, SKN shikonin, TNF-α tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1β interleukin-1β, IL-6 interleukin-6, FCCP p-trifluoromethoxy carbonyl cyanide phenylhydrazone, Rote/AA rotenone/antimycin A, 2-DG 2-deoxy-glucose