Table 2.
Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Quality of Life Summary Scores: Hierarchical Linear Model Results.
| Unadjusted |
Resident Covariates |
Resident and Facility Covariates |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| b | se | b | se | b | se | |
| Key explanatory variables | ||||||
| Group (reference = white, low-minority facility) | ||||||
| White, high-minority facility | −4.077*** | 1.013 | −4.172*** | .85 | −2.282** | .779 |
| Minority, low-minority facility | −2.624* | 1.323 | −2.409 | 1.323 | −2.105 | 1.300 |
| Minority, high-minority facility | −5.420*** | 1.294 | −5.732*** | 1.303 | −4.033** | 1.298 |
| Year (reference = 2011) | ||||||
| 2012 | −.296 | .204 | −.322 | .199 | −.308 | .204 |
| 2013 | .293 | .226 | .266 | .223 | .314 | .225 |
| 2014 | .022 | .246 | −.549* | .247 | −.426 | .244 |
| 2015 | −.311 | .257 | −.593* | .251 | −.480 | .252 |
| Group–year interactions | ||||||
| White, high-minority facility # 2012 | −.558 | .760 | −.552 | .732 | −.435 | .745 |
| White, high-minority facility # 2013 | −1.436 | .765 | −1.147 | .668 | −1.150 | .663 |
| White, high-minority facility # 2014 | −1.534 | .877 | −1.338 | .856 | −1.481 | .855 |
| White, high-minority facility # 2015 | −.758 | .963 | −1.129 | .905 | −1.006 | .849 |
| Minority, low-minority facility # 2012 | −1.795 | 1.977 | −2.004 | 1.901 | −1.804 | 1.886 |
| Minority, low-minority facility # 2013 | −1.081 | 1.944 | −.606 | 1.911 | −.568 | 1.885 |
| Minority, low-minority facility # 2014 | −.741 | 1.718 | −.596 | 1.757 | −.455 | 1.732 |
| Minority, low-minority facility # 2015 | −1.954 | 1.654 | −2.050 | 1.667 | −1.741 | 1.640 |
| Minority, high-minority facility # 2012 | .353 | 1.466 | .350 | 1.460 | .353 | 1.449 |
| Minority, high-minority facility # 2013 | −1.553 | 1.383 | −1.390 | 1.377 | −1.376 | 1.420 |
| Minority, high-minority facility # 2014 | −1.292 | 1.500 | −1.270 | 1.444 | −1.418 | 1.448 |
| Minority, high-minority facility # 2015 | −1.602 | 1.421 | −1.686 | 1.471 | −1.455 | 1.390 |
| Resident-level characteristics | ||||||
| Age (years) | .057*** | .010 | .047*** | .010 | ||
| Activities of daily living score long-form scale (0–28) | −.415*** | .013 | −.404*** | .012 | ||
| Length of stay (years) | .309*** | .034 | .299*** | .034 | ||
| Married | .173 | .192 | .111 | .191 | ||
| Count of chronic conditions (0–5) | −.540*** | .100 | .527*** | .099 | ||
| Depression diagnosis | −2.479*** | .162 | −2.470*** | .161 | ||
| Anxiety diagnosis | −1.699*** | .193 | −1.710*** | .194 | ||
| Moderate or severe cognitive impairment | 1.840*** | .198 | 1.790*** | .197 | ||
| Dementia diagnosis | 1.370*** | .178 | 1.504*** | .179 | ||
| Serious mental illness diagnosis | −1.355*** | .286 | −1.210*** | .286 | ||
| Behavioral symptoms | −2.675*** | .227 | −2.748*** | .222 | ||
| Facility-level characteristics | ||||||
| Location (reference = Twin Cities) | ||||||
| Other metro | 1.349*** | .372 | ||||
| Micropolitan | 1.585*** | .381 | ||||
| Rural | 2.514*** | .377 | ||||
| Ownership (reference = nonprofit) | ||||||
| For profit | −1.359*** | .361 | ||||
| Government | .412 | .433 | ||||
| Chain affiliation | −.127 | .273 | ||||
| Minnesota acuity index | −1.676 | 1.542 | ||||
| Number of beds, each 10 | −.130*** | .029 | ||||
| Occupancy, each 10 percentage points | .575*** | .153 | ||||
| Proportion of Medicare resident days, each 10 percentage points | .162 | .279 | ||||
| Proportion of Medicaid resident days, each 10 percentage points | −.200 | .131 | ||||
| Staffing levels (hours per resident day) | ||||||
| Registered nurse | .151 | .474 | ||||
| Licensed practical nurse | .518 | .641 | ||||
| Certified nursing assistant | −.159 | .336 | ||||
| Activities | 4.040** | 1.289 | ||||
| Social service and mental health staff | 3.622* | 1.806 | ||||
| High use of temporary staff | 1.568* | .631 | ||||
| All staff retention rate, each 10 percentage points | .389*** | .099 | ||||
| Random intercept variance | 10.381 | 8.365 | 5.033 | |||
| Residual variance | 231.829 | 219.203 | 219.203 | |||
| Intraclass correlation | .043 | .037 | .022 | |||
| Number of surveys | 60,903 | 59,103 | 59,035 | |||
| Number of NFs | 376 | 376 | 375 | |||
The table reports the coefficient estimates and standard errors from nested random intercept regression models where the dependent variable is a quality of life summary score. The key variables are indicators for whether the resident is a minority interacted with whether they reside in a high-minority facility. We also fitted GEE models with independence correlation structure, and it did not qualitatively change the results (not shown).
***
p < .01,
**
p < .05,
*
p < .10.