Figure 1:

Plant virus nanoparticles (PVNPs) and how they can regulate antitumor immunity. A) PVNPs with various shapes and derivations (VLP, SNP, CP). B) Activation of APCs by PVNPs via surface Toll-like receptors (TLRs) (path 1), or endocytosis of PVNPs, PVNPs-loaded TLR agonists (path 2) or PVNPs-loaded cancer antigens (path 3), and the expression of antiviral, proinflammatory cytokines, induce humoral and cellular responses. C) PVNP -based cancer immunotherapies, 1) cancer antigen conjugated to PVNPs and resulted in higher responses against that antigen, 2) stimulatory agents is encapsulated by PVNPs and significantly enhances the efficacy. 3) Monotherapy; in situ vaccination of PVNPs overcomes the local immunosuppression and stimulates a potent anti-tumor response. 4) PVNP based monotherapy in combined with other therapies (blocking or agonist antibodies, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy).