Table 2.
Herbal drugs that target NLRP3 inflammasome after cerebral ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury.
| Drugs | Type | Source | Target | Signaling | Animals and cells | Models | Current clinical trial | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Icariin (ICA) | Glycoside | Epimedium brevicornum Maxim (Berberidaceae) | NLRP3 and caspase-1 | IRE1/XBP1s pathway | Microglia | Oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD/R) | – | Mo et al., 2021 |
| Tongxinluo | TCM prescription | Jiang Xiang, Ru Xiang, Bing Pian, Ren Shen, Chi Sao, Suan Zao Ren, Tan Xiang, Can Tui, Shui Zhi, Tu Bie Chong, Quan Xie, Wu Gong | Inhibited Astrocytic Pyroptosis | Caspase-11/GSDMD | Sprague–Dawley rats | Middle cerebral artery occlusion/ reperfusion (MCAO/R) |
Cardiocere brovascular diseases of blood stasis syndrome |
Wang et al., 2021b |
| 6-Gingerol | Phenolic compound | Ginger | NLRP3 and caspase-1 | TRPV1/FAF1 complex | Sprague–Dawley rats | MCAO | – | Luo et al., 2021 |
| Bakuchiol (BAK) | Prenylated phenolic mono-terpene | the seeds of psoralea corylifolia | NLRP3 and caspase-1 | Nrf2 signaling | Mice and BV-2 cells | MCAO and OGD/R | – | Xu et al., 2021b |
| Gastrodin (GAS) | Versatile compound | Traditional Chinese herb Tianma | NLRP3 and caspase-1 | LncRNA NEAT1/miR-22-3p/ NLRP3 | Sprague–Dawley rats | MCAO | – | Zhang et al., 2021 |
| Oridonin (Ori) | Diterpenoid isolated | Rabdosia rubescens | NLRP3 and caspase-1 | NF-κB signaling | C57BL/6 mice and BV-2 cells | MCAO and OGD/R | – | Jia et al., 2021 |
| D-Carvone | D- carvone dietary monoterpenes | Seed variety caraway essential oil | NRLP3 | TLR4/NLRP3 signaling pathway | Sprague–Dawley rats | MCAO | – | Dai et al., 2020 |
| Cepharanthine (CEP) | Bibenzyliso quinoline (BBI) alka-loids |
Stephania cepharantha | NRLP3 | 12/15-LOX signaling | Mice and BV-2 cells | MCAO and OGD/R | – | Zhao et al., 2020 |
| Tetrandrine | Alkaloid | Radix Stephania tetrandra | NRLP3 | Sirt-1 | Mice | MCAO | – | Wang et al., 2020b |
| Astilbin | Dihydroflavonol derivative | Rhizoma Smilacis glabrae (RSG) | NRLP3 | MAPK pathway and PI3K/AKT pathway | PC12 cell | OGD/R | – | Li et al., 2020b |
| Melodinhenine B | Eburnean-vindolinine-type bisindole alkaloid | M. henryi | NRLP3 | BBB integrity | Sprague–Dawley rats | MCAO | – | Li et al., 2020a |
| XingNaoJing | TCM prescription named An-Gong-Niu-Huang pill | Moschus, Radix Curcumae, borneol and Fructus gardeniae | NLRP3 | BBB integrity | Sprague–Dawley rats | MCAO | the treatment of stroke | Qu et al., 2019 |
| Glycosides | Astragaloside IV, paeoniflorin, and amygdalin | Buyang Huanwu Decoction | NLRP3 | Classical pyroptosis pathway | Sprague–Dawley rats | MCAO | Prevent and treat cerebral ischemia | She et al., 2019 |
| Hispidulin | Flavonoid | Chinese herbal medicines | NLRP3 | AMPK/GSK3β signaling pathway | Sprague–Dawley rats and primary cerebral astrocytes | MCAO and OGD/R | – | An et al., 2019 |
| Anthocyanin | Phenolics or polyphenolics | Myrica rubra | NLRP3 | TLR4/NF-κB and NLRP3 Pathways | ICR mice | MCAO | – | Cui et al., 2018 |
| Resveratrol (RSV) | Poly-phenolic compound | Veratrum grandiflorum | NLRP3 | Sirt1-dependent autophagy induction | Sprague–Dawley rats | MCAO | – | He et al., 2017 |
| Sulforaphane (SFN) | Isothiocyanate | Cruciferous vegetables | NLRP3 | The activation of NLRP3 inflammasome | Sprague–Dawley rats | MCAO | – | Yu et al., 2017 |