Table 3.

Etiology of agitation

Primary psychiatric conditions	Medical conditions
Delirium	Head injury
Dementia	CNS infections- meningitis, encephalitis
Substance intoxication (alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, stimulants, hallucinogens, inhalants)	Encephalopathies (hepatic, renal, etc.)
Substance withdrawal (alcohol delirium)	Brain tumors/metastases
Schizophrenia	Stroke
Bipolar affective disorder	Wernicke-korsakoff’s psychosis
Agitated depression	Metabolic abnormalities (electrolytes, glucose, calcium, etc.)
Anxiety disorder	Hypoxia
Personality disorder-antisocial	Toxins/poisoning
Autism/intellectual disability	Hormonal (thyroid dysfunction)
Posttraumatic stress disorder	Seizure (postictal state)
	Adverse effects/toxicity of mediations

CNS – Central nervous system