Table 9.

Indications and contraindications for medical restraints and seclusion

Indications	Contraindications
Risk of imminent harm to self	Unstable medical condition
Risk of imminent harm to others	Severe drug reaction or overdose
Serious destruction to the environment	Punishment
	Staff convenience
Patient’s voluntary reasonable request	If experienced by the patient as positive
Decrease sensory overstimulation*	reinforcement for violence or disruptive behavior
Only for seclusion*

*Only for seclusion